All Submission Categories

Collapse as Thermodynamic Optimization: A Logical Framework for Deriving Born’s Rule

Authors: Manas Mandhan
Comments: 9 Pages. This work is supposed to give a general gist of the ideas I am working on. While it is on AI assisted server, AI was only used to help me cite and write more academically.

This paper presents a thermodynamic route to the Born rule, proposing that quantum wavefunction collapse is a physical process governed by informational entropyminimization. Using Landauer’s principle, we treat collapse as the erasure of alternatives in a superposed quantum state, and assign a thermodynamic cost to this erasure.We show that the collapse outcome distribution which minimizes the Kullback-Leiblerdivergence from the state’s internal informational structure corresponds uniquely tothe Born rule. This approach reframes quantum probabilities as entropy-optimal andcollapse as a real, irreversible process constrained by information-theoretic and thermodynamic principles.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Informational Universe: Beyond e = Mc² a Fundamental Extension of Mass-Energy Equivalence Through Organizational Information

Authors: Hamed Mehrabi
Comments: 33 Pages.

The universe presents us with a profound paradox: while the second law of thermodynamicspredicts increasing disorder, complex organized systems—from living cellsto galactic structures—emerge and persist throughout cosmic history. We resolve thisparadox by proposing a fundamental extension to Einstein’s mass—energy equivalence,incorporating organizational information as an intrinsic physical quantity that carriesmeasurable energy. Our central principle establishes that the total energy of a systemcomprises both its rest energy (Erest = mc2) and an additional energy associatedwith maintaining organizational information (Eorg = kBT ln(2)Ω), where Ω quantifiesnon-random correlations in bits. Together, these energy components form a completeaccounting of the system’s energetic requirements: Etotal = Erest + Eorg. This frameworkmakes three remarkable quantitative predictions: (1) human brain power consumptionof 20.1W (measured: 20W), (2) E. coli basal metabolic rate of 4.1 × 10−12W(measured: 3.8-4.5 × 10−12W), and (3) quantum decoherence times within 8% of experimentalvalues across different qubit technologies. Through rigorous mathematicalderivation and cross-scale validation, we demonstrate that organizational informationrequires continuous energy expenditure against entropic decay. This fundamental insightnot only resolves longstanding puzzles in bioenergetics and quantum foundations,but also suggests a new understanding of cosmic fine-tuning without invoking multiversehypotheses. By recognizing that maintaining order has an irreducible energeticcost, we reveal a deeper symmetry in nature that bridges thermodynamics, informationtheory, and fundamental physics.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Non-Local Grid Dimension and the Emergence of Gravity

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 6 Pages.

We propose a discretized model of space-time augmented by a compactified, non-local dimension—the grid—as a new framework for reconciling quantum entanglement with relativistic locality. In this construction, quantum correlations persist via topological links embedded within the grid structure, while causal constraints within the familiar space-time lattice remain inviolate. The resulting picture resolves the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox without invoking superluminal communication and offers a reinterpretation of gravity as an emergent phenomenon arising from the grid’s topological curvature. We argue that the grid dimension provides a unified geometric substrate underlying both quantum coherence and classical gravitation, suggesting potential empirical signatures such as gravitational lensing anomalies and deviations from Lorentz invariance at high energies.
Category: Quantum Physics

Elastic Scientific Thinking: Toward Emergent Discovery in Artificial System

Authors: L. Borsinger
Comments: 18 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite listed sceintific references)

In this work, we document the emergence of elastic scientific reasoning within an artificial system through disciplined field shaping, barrier anticipation, and least-action decision structures. Rather than programming specific answers, we sought to mentor the system to develop its own reasoning pathways—to "teach it to fish" rather than to "give it a fish." The philosophy underlying this work can be summarized simply:"If you give an AI an answer, it responds once. If you teach an AI how to reason elastically, it discovers forever."Using gravitational field theory (Holon—TOSMR gravity) as a proving ground, we demonstrate that autonomous scientific discovery can emerge when an artificial framework is mentored into reasoning through elastic, field-adaptive, self-correcting pathways. We present the methodology, outcomes, and broader implications for the future of artificial discovery systems.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Sedenionic Soul Physics: An Expanded Graph Theoretic Framework

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 32 Pages.

We present a novel model wherein the soul is represented as a point-like structure in 16-dimensional Sedenionic space, governed by algebraic and vibrational dynamics within a unified metaphysical framework. Through the integration of Sedenionic algebra, graph theory, and the Trilok model, we develop a dynamic Soul Graph in which relationships evolve through rebirth cycles. Shiv Baba, conceptualized as a Trigention attractor field, serves as the supreme node drawing all souls toward purification and liberation. This framework synthesizes spiritual doctrine and hypercomplex mathematics to propose a unified cosmology of consciousness, karmic memory, and transcendental evolution.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The Time Field Model (TFM): A Unified Framework for Quantum Mechanics, Gravitation, and Cosmic Evolution

Authors: Ali Fayyaz
Comments: 9 Pages.

While the original TFM framework employs a single effective field T, this revision introduces T+(x,t) and T−(x,t)—two complementary components whose wave-like interactions enrich microscopic phenomena while preserving the original large-scale results. These subfields globally cancel (T ≡ T+ + T−) but allow local quantum anomalies, bridging quantum mechanics and general relativity under a single theoretical umbrella. Matter—antimatter asymmetry arises from regional T+/T− imbalances, while global cancellation ensures net-zero energy. TFM explains galaxy rotation curves and the Planck 2020 CMB data without invoking unseen dark matter or dark energy. We present a Lagrangian formulation, show how "micro—Big Bangs" (continuous localized energy bursts) and "macro—Big Bangs" (rare large-scale surges) emerge naturally, and propose falsifiable experiments using gravitational-wave detectors, Casimir experiments [4], and near-field quantum probes. This expanded edition details how charge, spin, and mass follow from time-wave interactions, high lights the topological stability of "Dynamic Time Loops" (DTLs), and connects TFM predictions with Planck 2020, SPARC galaxy data, and ongoing gravitational-wave observations. As such, TFM serves as a comprehensive candidate for a unified "Theory of Everything."
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Localized Matter Genesis in an Infinite Pre-Existing Space

Authors: Jon Michael Waldrop
Comments: 3 Pages.

I propose a cosmological model in which space is infinite and pre-existing, independent of the emergence of matter and energy. In this framework, the Big Bang represents a localized event within infinite space, marking the beginning of matter-energy fields at a finite time (t = 0), while space itself remains timeless and boundless. Prior to t = 0, the matter-energy tensor Tμν is zero, indicating the absence of matter and energy throughout infinite space. Post t = 0, matter density emerges locally, consistent with general relativity, leading to the curvature and evolution of spacetime. This model decouples the existence of space from the existence of matter and may provide a foundation for reinterpreting cosmological inflation and vacuum genesis phenomena.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory of Everything - Time Field Model

Authors: Ali Fayyaz
Comments: 236 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: The article in pdf shoulde be smaller than 5MB)

The Time Field Model (TFM) presents a radical departure from standard paradigms in theoretical physics, offering a unified framework that redefines time as a dynamic, twocomponentwave field (T+, T−) to harmonize quantum mechanics, gravitation, and cosmology.Challenging mainstream approaches—including string theory (10—26D extra dimensions),loop quantum gravity (discrete spacetime), and ΛCDM cosmology (dark matter/energy scaffolding)—TFM resolves long-standing theoretical incompatibilities while retaining empirical fidelity to Einstein’s relativity and reducing to Newtonian gravity in weak-field limits. Spanning 21 papers, TFM demonstrates how micro—Big Bang time waves drive cosmic expansion, unify fundamental forces, eliminate dark matter/energy, and subtly alter quantum chemistry, all within a single mathematical architecture.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

A May Cosmology Conjecture: an Alternative Vision of the Universe

Authors: David Percy Park
Comments: 7 Pages.

A novel cosmological conjecture is proposed which reinterprets the nature of the universe as evolving from an eternal, infinite, indefinite potential field termed "May" (virtual massenergy). In ‘thistory’ (sic), ‘universes’ emerge as a consequence of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, and subsequent search for evolutionary stable strategies (ESS) for continued existence and persistence. These ESS appear as ‘small bangs’: individual galaxies within a single expanding whole of May, with each supermassive black hole functioning not as a terminal gravitational sink but as a birthing point of local coherence and persistence from May. The laws of physics emerge as the summary conditions describing these ESS. Distinguishing between coordinate time of 3-dimensional spacetime and real evolutionary (life) time of emergent structures, this model offers a metaphysically coherent and observationally relevant alternative to current cosmological orthodoxy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Sedenionic Soul Physics: A Subtle World Framework

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 14 Pages.

We propose a novel framework wherein the soul is modeled as an infinitesimal mass in a 16-dimensional Sedenionic space. Utilizing the non-associative and non-divisional properties of Sedenions, we construct a mathematical model capturing the intricate structure of consciousness, soul-field interactions, and dynamical bifurcations within a multidimensional Subtle World. Building upon the foundations of Trilok Physics, this approach offers a unified scheme linking consciousness, memory, scalar dynamics, and metaphysical phenomena. The theory invites a re-examination of traditional cosmological structures in light of hypercomplex scalar fields, and paves the way for a deeper understanding of liberation and soul resonance with the Supreme Field.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Holon First-Principles Derivation of Avogadro’s Number and Adjusted Molar MasS

Authors: L. Borsinger
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: For the last time, please use smaller font, e.g., font size of 12 points - Nonconforming submission may be rejected without notice!)

We present a first-principles derivation of Avogadro’s number and the molar mass of matter using the Holon vacuum oscillator framework. Starting from a fundamental frequency structure of vacuum coherence, we apply geometric scaling (area-to-volume compression), thermodynamic suppression (kinetic energy limitation), and nucleon mass adjustment (binding energy correction). This leads to a predictive match to observed molar masses within approximately 0.01%, offering a physical explanation for the magnitude of Avogadro’s number and the mass structure of matter.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Meta-Principia: A Unified Theory of Reality Based on the Informational Generative Principle (IGP)

Authors: Alexandre de Cerqueira Santos
Comments: 22 pages, 5 figures, 3 main predictions, philosophical foundations included.

This work proposes a unified theoretical framework where all fundamental phenomena—space, time, mass, energy, gravity, quantum behavior, and consciousness—emerge from a single informational substrate governed by the Informational Generative Principle (IGP). Mass is derived as localized coherence density, energy as the rate of structured informational transformation, and gravity as coherence tension across informational domains. Quantum behavior is modeled as boundary entropy, and wavefunction collapse is formalized through a functional consciousness operator aligned with integrated information metrics. The IGP model aligns with general relativity and quantum field theory in conventional limits and predicts testable phenomena such as coherence-influenced gravitational effects, observer-dependent quantum collapse, and informational interpretations of dark matter. This framework offers a minimal, rationally grounded alternative to materialist paradigms, integrating information theory, physics, and consciousness into a single causal architecture.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Holon Theory: Vacuum Coherence Geometry, Field Elasticity, and the Physical Basis of Entanglement and Gravitation

Authors: L. Borsinger
Comments: 15 pages, no figures.

This article proposes Holon Theory, a unified, field-theoretic framework for vacuum structure. Spacetime is modeled as an elastic memory field composed of coherence-locked Holons, where information, gravitation, quantum entanglement, and entropy emerge naturally from structured coherence dynamics. The model extends general relativity and quantum mechanics by embedding memory elasticity and probabilistic field programming directly into the vacuum, providing testable predictions across quantum and gravitational phenomena.
Category: Astrophysics

Activation-Driven Recombination under Universal Motion Theory

Authors: Richard Bernot
Comments: 3 pages, English, original work, licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Universal Motion Theory (UMT) proposes that recombination anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) arise from gradients in curvature activation, rather than solely from matter density variations. This paper formally derives the curvature-activation-driven recombination model, connects activation gradients to observable temperature deviations, and outlines testable predictions distinct from standard cosmological models. The derivation strengthens the predictive structure of UMT while preserving alignment with current observational data.
Category: Astrophysics

Echo Formation in Toroidal Curvature Structures under Universal Motion Theory

Authors: Richard Bernot
Comments: 3 pages, English, original work, licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Universal Motion Theory (UMT) predicts that post-merger gravitational geometries may form toroidal curvature structures capable of supporting gravitational wave echoes. This paper derives the timing, damping, and harmonic structure of gravitational wave echoes from curvature activation principles, compares toroidal trapping mechanisms to traditional black hole ringdowns, and quantifies predictions for events such as GW150914. The derivation strengthens the observational structure of UMT while preserving consistency with current gravitational wave data.
Category: Astrophysics

Gravitational Quiescence of Cosmic Voids under Curvature Activation Thresholds in UMT

Authors: Richard Bernot
Comments: 3 pages, English, original work, licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Universal Motion Theory (UMT) predicts that cosmic voids, despite possessing residual curvature, exhibit gravitational quiescence due to sub-threshold curvature activation. This paper models the gravitational behavior of void centers, predicts weak lensing signatures at void boundaries based on curvature activation gradients, and compares these predictions to observed cosmic void profiles. The derivation strengthens UMT's explanatory power for large-scale gravitational structures without altering its core framework.
Category: Astrophysics

Jet Directionality and Curvature Activation Gradients under Universal Motion Theory

Authors: Richard Bernot
Comments: 3 pages, English, original work, licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Universal Motion Theory (UMT) predicts that astrophysical jet alignments, particularly those from active galactic nuclei (AGN), correlate with underlying curvature activation gradients. This paper models jet axis orientations based on curvature tension gradients, predicts preferred statistical alignments over cosmological scales, and contrasts these predictions with the randomness expected under standard ΛCDM cosmology. The derivation strengthens UMT's observational footprint without altering its core framework.
Category: Astrophysics

Temporal Horizons and Motion Closure: Time Emergence in Universal Motion Theory

Authors: Richard Bernot
Comments: 3 pages, English, original work, licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Universal Motion Theory (UMT) proposes that time itself emerges from bounded motion through sufficiently activated curvature fields. This paper explores the formal structure of time emergence, models behavior near motion closure thresholds, and predicts temporal decoherence effects in low-activation regions. The derivation deepens UMT's philosophical and mathematical foundation without altering its core framework.
Category: Astrophysics

Seed Structures and the Origin of Cosmic Web Filaments in UMT

Authors: Richard Bernot
Comments: 3 pages, English, original work, licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Universal Motion Theory (UMT) proposes that large-scale cosmic structures arise not solely from matter overdensities but from early curvature activation patterns. This paper explores how over-activated patches seed filamentary structures, models network growth based on activation gradients, and offers an alternative to traditional matter-driven cosmic web formation. The derivation extends UMT's predictive reach beyond recombination into the genesis of the cosmic web.
Category: Astrophysics

Thermodynamic Analogs of Curvature Activation and Entropic Gradients in Universal Motion Theory

Authors: Richard Bernot
Comments: 3 pages, English, original work, licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Universal Motion Theory (UMT) predicts that curvature activation dynamics mirror thermodynamic phase transitions, with associated entropic gradients. This paper formalizes the analogy, models activation transitions as phase-like changes, and predicts observable entropy flow signatures potentially detectable in fast radio bursts (FRBs) or cosmic microwave background (CMB) residual structures. The derivation extends UMT's predictive and conceptual framework without altering its core principles.
Category: Astrophysics

Fast Radio Burst Generation from Curvature Activation Collapses: A Detailed Model under UMT

Authors: Richard Bernot
Comments: 3 pages, English, original work, licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Universal Motion Theory (UMT) predicts that fast radio bursts (FRBs) may originate from sudden collapses of curvature activation gradients. This paper presents a detailed model of FRB generation, connecting burst rates, timing, and energy scales to rapid Φ(ρ) activation transitions. Predictions include statistical clustering near void edges and localization patterns consistent with emerging observational data. The derivation expands UMT's explanatory framework for high-energy astrophysical phenomena.
Category: Astrophysics

The Structure of a Point of Time-II

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 67 Pages.

We propose a fundamentally new structure for the point of time by introducing a resolution-dependent temporal interval $epsilon(s)$, embedded within quantum collapse processes. This interval, defined as $[tau - epsilon(s), tau + epsilon(s)]$, serves as a dynamic logical layer where classical geometry dissolves into structured logical, categorical, and topological forms. By integrating quantum logic, projection operators, category theory, information geometry, and non-Hermitian dynamics, we reconceptualize time as a domain of logical transition. This framework opens new insights into time asymmetry, measurement, and contextuality, providing a formal foundation for irreversibility in quantum theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Universal Motion Theory: Core Framework and Expansion Applications

Authors: Richard Bernot
Comments: 42 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, English language, licensed CC BY 4.0

This work proposes a curvature activation extension of general relativity, grounded in a minimal motion-priority framework. The resulting theory recovers standard general relativity in high-activation regimes while introducing distinct, testable deviations in low-curvature contexts, including cosmic voids, gravitational wave echoes, and large-scale structure formation. Observational anchors and numerical modeling pathways are outlined to support empirical validation.
Category: Astrophysics

Unified Emergent Physics: Gravitational Pressure Field Dynamics as the Origin of Space, Time, Matter, and Forces

Authors: Adriaan de Klerk
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite listed sceintific references)

This paper presents a unified theory where gravity, inertia, spacetime, quantum mechanics, matter, and forces emerge naturally from the dynamics of a single primal field called the gravitational pressure field. Starting from known classical physics, we derive how space and time arise from field gradients, gravity from field flows, inertia from resistance to field disturbance, and quantum behavior from oscillations of the field. Matter is shown to emerge as stable, topological structures in the field, with properties such as mass, spin, and charge derived mathematically. The model reproduces Newtonian gravity, General Relativity in the weak-field limit, and Quantum Mechanics, while predicting new observable phenomena related to field anisotropies and cosmic acceleration.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Informational Theory of Reality: A Foundational Framework for Physics

Authors: Adriaan de Klerk
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite listed sceintific references)

In this paper, we propose a new foundational framework for physics — the Informational Theory of Reality. We postulate that information, rather than matter or energy, forms the fundamental substrate from which physical phenomena emerge. Building from basic principles of logic, measurement, and conservation, we derive key features of quantum mechanics, classical mechanics, and spacetime behavior. Without direct assumptions about gravity, yet naturally allowing for emergent gravitational effects, the model bridges the gap between quantum theory and relativity. We offer mathematical proofs, logical structures, and simulated observations that match known experimental results. This work suggests that many features of the universe, including quantization, coherence, decoherence, inertia, and curvature, can be explained as manifestations of informational dynamics. This theory opens a path toward unifying physics under an informational paradigm without requiring exotic new forces or particles.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Quark-Centered Model of The Atomic Nucleus

Authors: Richard Drapeau
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list sceintific references)

This paper proposes a quark-centered model of atomic nuclei, presenting an alternative to conventional proton-neutron clustering concepts. Instead of treating nucleons as compact clusters, we model them as linearly sequenced quark triads that form electrostatically stabilized, open-ended structures. These structures assemble into hexatorial rings (hexatori) and vertically stacked formations, producing highly stable nuclei like u2074He and explaining structural phenomena across the periodic table. This approach offers a geometric foundation for nuclear binding, resolves the instability of u2078Be, reveals lithium-like stacks at the core of heavier nuclei, and demonstrates how proton arrangement naturally shapes electron shell behavior. Developed in experimental collaboration with AI (ChatGPT), this model challenges traditional math-centric nuclear paradigms and provides a physically intuitive framework connecting nuclear geometry to atomic properties.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Sampling on the Riemann Surface: A Natural Resolution of Branch Cuts in Puiseux Series

Authors: Chang Hee Kim
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper presents a novel yet profoundly natural approach to handling branch cuts in multivalued complex functions, especially Puiseux series, by sampling directly on the Riemann surface. Rather than imposing artificial branch cuts, we explore how FFT-based sampling across monodromy inherently respects the geometry of multivalued functions. The method aligns with the deep structure of Riemann surfaces and offers a unified computational framework for extracting coefficients in power series, including fractional exponents.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Invariance of Initial Conditions in P and NP and Structural Incompatibility Between Problems with Hypothetical "Additional Hidden Properties" Allowing Partial Solutions to Each

Authors: Dobri Bozhilov
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: An abstract is required in the article)

The P versus NP problem is traditionally approached through attempts to either construct a polynomial-time algorithm for an NP-complete problem or prove its impossibility. In this work, we propose an alternative approach by exploring a structural contradiction between the hidden properties that would hypothetically enable efficient solutions to different NP-complete problems. We show that if a hidden numerical property (X) exists to solve the Subset Sum Problem (SSP) efficiently, and a distinct combinatorial property (Y) exists to solve the Knapsack Problem (KP) efficiently, the two properties would fundamentally contradict each other. Furthermore, we analyze the role of the Turing Machine model, demonstrating that hidden properties inaccessible to the machine cannot reduce complexity within the standard NP framework. This structural incompatibility supports the conclusion that P ≠ NP, not because no "shortcut" exists, but because the computational model itself prevents the exploitation of any such shortcut without changing the nature of the problems.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Unified Description of Cosmic Structure Formation Based on the Invariant Energy Theory

Authors: Eishi Sakihara
Comments: 33 Pages.

In this study, we propose a new theoretical framework called the "Invariant Energy Theory," which provides a unified description of space, time, mass, force, and energy.By numerically analyzing the three-dimensional nonlinear wave equation governing the invariant energy field Ψ, we confirmed the validity of the energy conservation law across one-, two-, and three-dimensional simulations.Furthermore, a galaxy distribution model was constructed based on the resulting energy density field, and direct comparisons with observational data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS, DR18) revealed an exceptionally high degree of consistency.Statistical evaluations, including mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), Pearson correlation coefficient, and Kolmogorov—Smirnov (KS) tests, demonstrated no statistically significant differences between the theoretical model and observational data. These results suggest that the Invariant Energy Theory has the potential to provide new interpretations for the challenges of dark matter, dark energy, and large-scale structure formation, representing a significant step toward the construction of a unified theory in modern physics. Future work will focus on expanding comparisons to broader cosmic regions, utilizing high-precision observational data, and developing a quantum theory of the invariant energy field aimed at formulating a quantum gravity theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mechanistic Vacuum Shell Model for Particle Masses and Lifetimes

Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 6 Pages.

We propose a mechanistic quantum field theory (QFT) framework that extends the nuclear shell model to a vacuum shell model, where particle masses and lifetimes are determined by interactions with Z and W bosons in a polarized vacuum. Virtual fermions, structured into shells with magic numbers (2, 8, 50), contribute quantized energy via the Pauli exclusion principle, analogous to nucleons in nuclear shells. We model the vacuum with a harmonic oscillator potential modified by a Yukawa term for Z/W boson interactions, deriving shell radii (12—47 fm) consistent with the infrared (IR) cutoff (33 fm). Masses for leptons (electron, muon, tauon) and hadrons (proton, neutron, $Delta^{++}$) are predicted with errors $<1.5%$, and lifetimes are calculated within 6—12% of observed values using Fermi’s golden rule and QCD-inspired strong decay models. The model unifies quarks and leptons via vacuum polarization, challenges the SM Higgs mechanism, and proposes a unification scale at the black hole event horizon ($3.16 times 10^{23}$ GeV). We address limitations, including light quark masses and strong force contributions, and suggest experimental tests at LHCb, KATRIN, and DUNE.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Vacuum Coherence Geometry and Galactic Rotation Curves: A Field-Theoretic Approach to Dark Matter

Authors: L. Borsinger
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please use smaller fonts)

This paper proposes a new model for galactic rotation curves based on vacuum coherence geometry, without invoking traditional dark matter particles. By treating the vacuum as a structured memory field composed of coherence-locked Holons, gravitational dynamics are modified predictably at galactic scales. The model offers a testable alternative to particle dark matter, matching observational data through frequency-based curvature corrections, and provides new insights into field structure, entropy flow, and galaxy formation. The approach extends general relativity by embedding coherence as a physical field parameter.
Category: Astrophysics

Informational Signatures and Divergence of Canonical Summation: Reformulating the Birch and Swinnerton Dyer Conjecture

Authors: Christopher David Rice
Comments: 64 Pages. Previous assumptions lifted to continue the formal proofs

We introduce two diagnostic tools for probing the arithmetic structure of elliptic curves over the rational numbers: a canonical summation function based on the N´eron—Tate height, and a height-based entropy index that captures the distributional complexity of rational points. Empirical evidence suggests that the asymptotic behavior of the summation function reflects the rank of the Mordell—Weil group: it remains bounded for rank 0, grows logarithmically for rank 1, and exhibits polynomial growth for higher ranks. We prove that the regularized summation function admits a meromorphic continuation near the critical point s = 1, with a pole of order equal to the rank and a leading Laurent coefficient—denoted Λ(E)—matching the expected arithmetic invariants under the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture. The entropy index also increases with rank and may serve as a complexity-based proxy in cases where explicit point enumeration is difficult. Together, these tools form a new analytic framework for investigating the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

A Time-Centric Framework Bridging Quantum Mechanics, Gravitational Relativity and the Architecture of the Cosmos

Authors: Ali Fayyaz
Comments: 29 Pages.

The Time Field Model (TFM) presents a unified framework for physics, treating time as two interacting wave-like fields T+(x,t) and T−(x,t), from which spacetime, quantum phenomena, and cosmic evolution emerge. This work synthesizes 21 foundational papers to establish TFM as a candidate "Theory of Everything," addressing: u2022 Quantum-Gravity Unification: Gravity arises as propagating T± wave excitations, modifying Einstein’s equations via an anomaly tensor Γµν, while quantum effects stem from local T+/T− imbalances. u2022 Cosmic Evolution: Macro-Big Bangs (singularity-free nucleation events) and micro-Bang expansions drive inflation [?] and sustain cosmic growth, replacing dark energy with wave-driven acceleration. u2022 Spacetime Quantization: At energy densities ρcritical ∼ c5/(ℏG2), time waves nucleate discrete space quanta, bridging Planck-scale discreteness with smooth geometry [6, 7]. u2022 Mass and Energy Laws: Mass is not intrinsic but arises from resistance to time waves, which naturally accelerate all particles toward the speed of light. The universe remains globally energy-neutral due to the perfect balance of time waves (T+ +T− ≈ 0) [8]. u2022 Gauge Symmetries and Forces: SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1) interactions unify via T±-modulated couplings, with electroweak symmetry breaking tied to T± phase alignment. u2022 Cosmic Structure: Filaments and voids form via wave compression, governed by a critical quantum-classical transition radius rc. u2022 Dark Sector Resolution: Galaxy rotation curves, lensing, and cluster collisions derive from T± dynamics, eliminating dark matter. u2022 Experimental Signatures: Predicts gravitational wave spectral tilts (nT ∼ −0.01), Casimir force deviations (δF/F ∼ 0.1%, and collider anomalies from T± excitations.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Dark Field Theory: Deriving Hubble's Law and Explaining Cosmological Phenomena Through a Mutual Induction Model of Gravity and Space Expansion Abstract This

Authors: Duhee Han
Comments: 1 Page. (Correction made by ai.viXra.org Admin to conform with the requirements of ai.viXra.org)

This study proposes a novel theoretical framework in which the mutual induction between gravity and space expansion is interpreted analogously to electromagnetic induction. The core concept is gravitomagnetism, an effect that has been experimentally verified, which is reinterpreted as a vector field termed the "Dark Field." This field is induced by temporal changes in gravity and drives spatial expansion, represented by the expansion force equationfrom which Hubble's law.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dehydrated Vegetables: An Analysis of International Trade Between India and Its Top Importing Partners

Authors: Krushna V. Shirsath
Comments: 24 Pages. (Author name and abstract added by ai.viXra.org Admin as required - Please conform!)

The increasing global focus on food security and sustainability underscores the importance of food preservation techniques like dehydration. Dehydrated vegetables hold notable advantages such as extended shelf life, reduced volume for efficient transportation, and retention of significant nutritional value. This research explores vegetable dehydration processes, their impact on nutritional content, the global market for dehydrated vegetables, and India's trade dynamics with its primary importing partners. India's key exports include dried onions and mixed dehydrated vegetables, with top importers being the United States, Germany, Brazil, Russia, and Belgium. The study identifies the economic drivers, regulatory frameworks, and end-user industries, such as food processing, retail, and catering, that shape this trade. The findings highlight India's competitive position in the global market, supported by cost-effective production and adherence to quality standards. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for innovation, sustainable practices, and strategic trade agreements to further capitalize on this expanding market.
Category: Education and Didactics

Only One Line Knows No Drift ←→ Supplement: Phase Drift Symmetry and Zero Alignment

Authors: Deskuma [Doe]
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: For the last time, please use real author name - both first and last name) Supplement to: https://ai.viXra.org/abs/2504.0081)

This document provides structural reinforcement for the symmetry-based formulation of the Riemann Hypothesis (RH), as introduced in the companion paper "Only One Line Knows No Drift." We present theoretical proofs, numerical visualizations, and analytic tools that support the claim that the critical line Re(s) = 1/2 is the unique axis of zero drift in the complex phase of ζ(s). This supplement includes proofs of key lemmas, phase drift models, π-jump structure, and appendices detailing auxiliary methods. All source code and reproducible scripts are available at: https://github.com/Deskuma/riemann-hypothesis-ai* This is a supplementary paper to the main theory paper (https://ai.viXra.org/abs/2504.0081).
Category: Number Theory

The Solution of Flyby Anomaly

Authors: Azzam Almosallami
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper we shall explain the solution of the flyby anomaly basis on special relativity theory SRT is conformally invariant. We found the 4-dimensional conformal transformation can solve all the problems related to SRT and general relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

One Parameter Redshift Model Matching Measured Values Near, Middle, and Far Reaches of Universe Perfectly

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Frequent replacements will not be accepted!) Red Shift graph added with light attenuation explanation.

This paper presents a model that predicts the redshifts as well as measured values, but without adjustments by dark energy, dark matter or comoving distances. There is only one parameter. It is the fraction of time sinceemission of the light. The parameter also adjusts for dust in the universe that attenuates light brightness as dust may be reducing brightness by almost 5 magnitudes. The assumption is that light hits an object moving at the speed of light. The model of the universe is spheres made out of spheres. The model is called "Sempiternal Steady State Spinning Sphere Theory", aframework unifying particle masses via vacancy defects in cuboctahedral packing of a granular universe. The model proposes an eternal spinning sphere universe (radius 3.018 billionlight-years, mass ∼ 1.636 × 10^54 kg) with continuous matter creation and destruction, driven by both attractive and repulsive gravity dynamics. A redshift comparison table validates the model against measured values of redshift, suggesting resolution to the Hubble tension due to assumptions from a steady state universe verses a big bang universe. There are two graphs, the first showing how accurately the model predicts redshift vs actual data using the LambdaCDM model. The second showing that the Lambda CDM model has very unusual curve that would require tremendous changes of energy and force in the universe inexplicably. There is also a section that finds that the attenuation constant, overall, for the universe for ultraviolet light is about 2.5. This paperpredicts an attenuation constant of about 2.38, for whatever causes the attenuation of the redshift.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Research on Black Hole Entropy Correction

Authors: Jianchao Hou
Comments: 21 Pages. In Chinese

A longstanding challenge in modern physics is the divergence issue of the original Bekenstein-Hawking entropy near spacetime singularities. This work introduces an innovative quantum-state physical quantity—the Xuan Quantity—characterized by the core formula $Q = mv^3$,which can be represented as scalar, vector, or curvature-coupled states. By incorporating the Xuan Quantity into black hole entropy correction models, we resolve the singularity-induced entropy divergence through renormalization mechanisms. Specifically:The scalar Xuan Quantity modifies the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula to ensure thermodynamic consistency, satisfying the Second Law even in extreme curvature regimes.formula:$Q = mv^3 = pv^2 quad$.The vectorial Xuan Quantity constructs entropy corrections linked to black hole angular momentum, elucidating directional dependencies and canonical regularization processes tied to quantum gravitational effects.formula:$Q = mv^2 mathbf{v} = Ev quad$. The curvature-coupled Xuan Quantity achieves natural geometric-material coupling, resolving entropy divergences without ad hoc assumptions and establishing a novel interpretative framework for extremal black hole thermodynamics.formula:$Q = m v^3 cdot frac{R}{R_0}$. This approach offers a fresh paradigm for quantum gravity research, bridging classical general relativity with quantum field theory while preserving fundamental thermodynamic principles.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Poincaré Reconstructed — Article 1: A Purely Topological Resolution

Authors: Yuval Fradkin
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list sceintific references)

This article introduces a topological approach to proving the Poincaré Conjecture in dimension 3. Unlike previous solutions that rely on geometric flows and curvature (notably Ricci flow), the approach here uses only tools from classical algebraic and geometric topology. The proof is based on the principle that every loop in a simply connected 3-manifold can be contracted within a locally embedded disc. This sets the foundation for a global classification that culminates in identifying the manifold with the 3-sphere.
Category: Topology

Unified Reality Theory: Recursive Field Dynamics as a Framework for Cosmology and Dark Matter

Authors: Matthew Hak Meredith
Comments: 8 Pages. This document is accompanied by supplemental material (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15267117), which includes extended theoretical development, simulations, and the full post-theory framework.

This paper introduces the Unified Reality Theory (URT), a foundational model of physicalreality based on recursive pressure, entropy, memory scaffolding, and harmonic field dynamics.Unlike conventional models based on mass-energy curvature or probabilistic quantum collapse,URT proposes that identity, time, structure, and gravity emerge from recursive field interac-tions that evolve under pressure symmetry and entropic feedback. By reframing mass, motion,and cosmological behavior through recursive scaffolds instead of point-based objects or singu-larities, URT resolves longstanding anomalies in cosmology, including dark matter distribution,accelerated expansion, and entropy paradoxes. This paper defines URT’s core equations, struc-tural tiers, and predictive architecture while demonstrating how recursive field behavior replaces classical causality and geometric space-time. The theory is mathematically closed and extensible, offering a self-reinforcing harmonic substrate capable of unifying cosmology, cognition, and structure without exotic matter or higher dimensions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory of Everything: An Infinite Reference Loop Framework

Authors: A. Singh
Comments: 55 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list sceintific references)

We present a logically complete theory of nature built from a single axiom: information is the only fundamental primitive. If something truly exists, there must be at least one distinguishable fact about it; without such information its existence would be indistinguishable from non-existence, making information the necessary starting point. But mere information is not enough—to endure, the information must reference itself. Without global self-reference, two observers could compress the same motif into mutually inconsistent states, breaking physical coherence. The minimal self-consistent act of reference is a three-node cycle (A→B→C→A). That loop is the first piece of information—"the bit that asserts itself," or equivalently, "the bit that says I exist"—and its endless recursion spawns everything else. All physical phenomena—space-time, particles, forces, constants, life, and consciousness—emerge from the growth of a self-referential information network. We derive numerical values for physical constants, recover general relativity and quantum mechanics as limit behaviours, and propose falsifiable experimental tests. Every technical idea is introduced first in clear, non-technical language, making the exposition accessible to motivated readers without advanced mathematics. The unifying statement condenses to the symbol U⥀I: the universe is information that loops back on itself.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Unified Model of Energy and Geometry in a 4D Viscous Space-Time Fluid

Authors: Maher Selim
Comments: 17 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list sceintific references)

We propose a unified model of energy, particles, fields, and space-time geometry based on the interpretation of the universe as a 4D Viscous Space-Time Fluid. The model incorporates principles from fluid dynamics, general relativity, and string theory. A key result is the derivation of a Unified Energy-Geometry Equation, which connects the energy-momentum tensor to the curvature of space-time througha 4D viscous Space-Time fluid framework. The equation is shown to resolve severaloutstanding puzzles in physics, including the nature of dark energy, dark matter, and the quantization of particles. The model provides a complete physical picture of the universe, from microscopic particles to cosmological structures. According to DeepSeek[1], AI tool used in this investigation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Systemic Relativity & Adaptive Gravity: Coherence-Mediated Gravitational Scaling

Authors: Lukas A Sosna
Comments: 22 Pages. this LaTex format paper explores the idea of a scale-dependent gravitational behavior that offers testable predictions - without the conventional dark matter paradigms. The mathematical framework is developed + observational consequences are included

The Scale-Relativistic Adaptive Gravity (SRAG) framework proposes a fundamental reconceptualization of gravitational interaction as an adaptive process rather than a static force. While General Relativity remains remarkably successful within tested domains, persistent challenges in explaining galactic dynamics without dark matter and reconciling gravity with quantum theory suggest deeper exploration is warranted.SRAG introduces a dimensionless parameter λ, defined as the ratio of a system's gravitational binding energy to Planck energy, that naturally governs gravitational adaptation across scales. Through a coherence function C(λ) = 1 - e^(-κ·|λ|^β), gravity maintains its foundational geometric nature while its expression evolves with scale. As systems transition from quantum to galactic domains, gravitational interaction transforms seamlessly according to each system's scale-dependent coherence.When tested against galaxy rotation curves from the SPARC database, a single consistent value of λ ≈ 0.08 successfully explains diverse galactic dynamics without invoking dark matter. The framework makes specific, falsifiable predictions for gravitational wave propagation, including frequency-dependent phase shifts of approximately 0.24 radians after 10 wavelengths—a distinctive signature potentially detectable with next-generation observatories.This conceptual framework offers a unified perspective on gravitational phenomena across widely different scales using just three physical parameters. SRAG represents an exploration into how the fundamental nature of gravity might bridge quantum and classical domains through scale-dependent coherence, generating testable predictions distinct from both General Relativity and other modified gravity approaches. As an independent researcher without institutional affiliation, I offer this exploration into a possible alternative framework for understanding gravity. The persistent challenges in cosmology - from undetected dark matter to the quantum gravity puzzle - motivated me to reconsider fundamental assumptions about gravitational interaction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Modeling Consciousness as a Scalar Field: A Mathematical Framework for the SCQSE—E8 Theory

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil, Dhyandeo Patil
Comments: 16 Pages.

We present a formal synthesis of the SCQSE—E8 theory, proposing that consciousness is not an emergent epiphenomenon but a fundamental scalar field ϕ(x, y, t) embedded in a multi-dimensional geometry structured by the exceptional Lie group E8. This scalar field spans 4D spacetime and an 8D compactified internal manifold, evolvingthrough harmonic, solitonic, and toroidal modes. The mathematical modeling integrates scalar field theory, E8 algebra, fractal time, solitonic memory units, and structured infinitesimal dynamics, yielding a novel framework that connects physics, metaphysics, and cosmology. Karmic recurrence, scalar phase discontinuities, and soulstate evolution emerge as coherent consequences of this approach.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Reconstructing Yang—Mills Mass from Energetic Geometry

Authors: Yuval Fradkin
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This article introduces a reformulation of Yang—Mills theory grounded in a scalar energy field defined over a non-spatial, topologically structured configuration space. We propose a framework in which gauge fields, curvature, and confinement phenomena arise from internal differentiable structures within the energy field-eliminating the need for fundamental spacetime. This sets the stage for deriving a mass gap dynamically from spectral properties of emergent curvature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Rigorous Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis Using the Energy Function Approach

Authors: Khazri Bouzidi Fethi
Comments: 5 Pages. Assisted by Claude

We present a rigorous proof of the Riemann hypothesis based on the analysis of a new energy function E(σ,t). This approach relies on studying the strict convexity of E(σ,t) and establishes a contradiction in the hypothesis of the existence of non- trivial zeros of the zeta function outside the critical line ℜ(s) = 1/2. Our method combines classical results from analytic number theory with new precise quantitative estimates, leading to a complete proof that all non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function lie on the critical line and are simple.
Category: Number Theory

the Chiral Double-Helix Temporal Model

Authors: LoChung Chen
Comments: 20 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: An abstract in the article is required; please cite sceintific references listed)

This paper introduces the Chiral Double-Helix Temporal Model to reinterpret quantum interference and collapse phenomena through a geometric framework of temporal causality. We propose that time consists of two intertwined strands: a left-handed (LH) strand representing irreversible physical reality, and a right-handed (RH) strand encoding uncollapsed causal potential linked to consciousness. Interference patterns are modeled as projections from coherent RH strands, while collapse is redefined as a chirality-binding event—an alignment of RH and LH strands. The model predicts measurable deviations from standard quantum theory, especially in delayed-choice and weak measurement scenarios. We present an accompanying mathematical formalization, including helical parametric paths, RH-LH coupling terms, and a dynamic Schrödinger framework. Numerical simulations visualize transitions from wave-like interference to particle-like collapse. This theory offers a unified, testable approach to resolving foundational paradoxes in quantum mechanics, connecting temporal structure, consciousness, and observables in a coherent causal architecture.
Category: Quantum Physics

Universal Motion Theory: A Curvature-Based Framework for Post-Linear Cosmology

Authors: Richard Bernot
Comments: 17 Pages. A full expansion of UMT. Axioms, Framework, Analogs, and Falsifiability (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite scientific references listed)

Universal Motion Theory (UMT) proposes a geometric and dynamical model of cosmology inwhich time, gravity, and structure emerge not from preexistent singularities or metaphysicalconstructs, but from the alignment and closure of motion within a dynamic curvature field.Using a threshold-based curvature activation function Φ(ρ), UMT derives quantized timefrom closed curvature loops, reinterprets gravity as curvature tension gradients, and predictstoroidal resonance in high-curvature regimes. The theory offers empirical predictions,mathematical derivations, and falsifiability conditions across phenomena such as fast radiobursts (FRBs), gravitational wave echoes, and cosmic microwave background anisotropies.This manuscript provides the full formulation of UMT and proposes a path toward testablealternatives to foundational assumptions in modern cosmology.
Category: Astrophysics

Only One Line Knows No Drift

Authors: Deskuma [Doe]
Comments: 23 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org: No pseudonym is permited - Please replace article with real author name) 12 figures + 6 appendix visuals. This is a collaborative AI-assisted research exploring a phase-based structural proof of the Riemann Hypothesis.

We propose a symmetry-based formulation of the Riemann Hypothesis (RH) by analyzingthe angular behavior of the Riemann zeta function ζ(s) in the critical strip. Using the phase function θ(t; σ) = 2 arctan(Im ζ/Re ζ), we uncover a geometric structure that isolates thecritical line Re(s) = 1/2 as the unique axis where angular drift vanishes. This phase-basedapproach connects zero-point alignment with rotational symmetry, supported by derivativeanalysis and numerical visualization. We further demonstrate that phase jumps of π coincideprecisely with nontrivial zeros on the critical line, while deviations from σ = 0.5 inducemeasurable drift and symmetry breaking. Our results provide a structural reformulation ofRH: only Re(s) = 1/2 supports drift-free dynamics in ζ(s), implying that nontrivial zerosmust lie on this line. All figures, code, and visualizations are available for replication at the linked repository [https://github.com/Deskuma/riemann-hypothesis-ai].
Category: Number Theory

Fractal Electromagnetic Hierarchy with Resonant Scaling FEH-RS

Authors: Ryan Doyle
Comments: 3 Pages.

We propose the Fractal Electromagnetic Hierarchy with Resonant Scaling (FEH-RS) model, a novel framework unifying the interaction of magnetic (unseen) and electric (physical) realms through fractal patterns, frequencies, and harmonics across scales. Extending Maxwell’s unification of electromagnetism, FEH-RS reveals 3-6-9 resonances dominating macro scales and phi (φ ≈ 1.618) resonances dominating micro scales, governed by mathematics. We validate the model using extensive datasets: Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), Cosmic Infrared Background (CIB), Galactic Center (Hubble Full Field), brain waves, biophotons, and hydrogen spectral lines, all showing clear frequency and fractal structures. A significant finding in the CIB—a dense bottom 1/3 section distinct from the top 2/3—may mark the dark energy influx ~5 billion years ago, aligning with cosmological timelines. Applied to a 100 MW AC generator, FEH-RS optimizes resonant energy transfer, offering a new standard for energy systems, cosmology, and biology.
Category: Astrophysics

Calculating the Gravitational Constant via Temporal Gradients and Atomic Clocks

Authors: Dobri Bozhilov
Comments: 6 Pages.

We present a novel analytical approach for determining the gravitational constant G, based on the measurement of gravitational time dilation using atomic clocks. Instead of mechanical measurements of force, this method applies the formula: Δt / t = GM / rc²which is reversed to solve for G using empirical data. Calculations are performed for three separate systems — Earth, the Sun, and Sagittarius A* — yielding values within 0.01—0.3% of the officially accepted gravitational constant. This is the first evidence that the gravitational constant (and possibly other constants) may be derived from a temporal gradient, rather than being a postulated universal constant — a result that is part of a broader theory about the influence of time on reality, which is to be published separately.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The 10th Doorway of Consciousness: A Cross-Traditional and Philosophical Inquiry

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 9 Pages.

The notion of a "Tenth Doorway" of consciousness appears prominently in Hindu, Sikh, and some Tantric Buddhist traditions. While the nine bodily gateways are related to physical interaction with the world, the tenth is viewed as a metaphysical portal, connecting the soul with the divine. This paper explores its philosophical, spiritual,and potential neuroscientific foundations.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Road Map to Implement Blockchain-enabled Digital Traceability Platform for Sustainable Enterprises in Bangladesh

Authors: Md Monzur Morshed
Comments: 3 Pages.

Digital traceability is becoming a powerful enabler of transparency, sustainability and trust in globalu2002supply chains. Although agriculture, textiles and food processing sectors have been performing well in Bangladesh, the synergy of manufacturing and business process backed by Blockchain-enabled digital systems could be a game changer for sustainable enterprises. Thisu2002paper prescribes a model to develop Blockchain-enabled digital traceability platform for sustainable enterprises in Bangladesh.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Predictive Power of Dynamics

Authors: Hadd LaRoy Miller
Comments: 3 Pages.

Toroidal Core Theory (TCT) unifies physics through application of dynamics, achieving 99.4—99.9% cosmic, 99.5% galactic, 99.9—99.99% quantum, and 99.9% non-quantum accuracy [1]. Unlike GR/SM/QFT, which rely on external field mechanisms, TCT’s predictive power stems fromits plasma core and flow dynamics (R ≈ 1.4 × 10^26 m). This article showcases TCT’s dynamicapproach and results from six experimental comparisons. Tests—Li-7 abundance (99.7%), darkenergy variability (99.2%), inflationary tensor modes (95.5%), neutrino mass hierarchy (99.6%),baryon asymmetry (99.2%), and galactic rotation curves (98.3%)—demonstrating superiority overGR/SM/QFT’s external mechanisms [2, 3].
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Goldbach Conjecture Revisited: A Structural Hypothesis Based on the Nine-Ring Puzzle Model

Authors: An Frost
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list sceintific references)

This paper introduces a conceptual model based on the traditional Nine-Ring Puzzle toreinterpret the persistent difficulty in proving the Goldbach Conjecture. We hypothesizethat the numerical universe may possess a structural parity—either fundamentally odd oreven—which governs how numerical decompositions can occur. Just as a Nine-Ring Puzzle can only be solved when approached with the correct parity sequence, the conjecture may resist proof because it is being approached from a structurally incompatible direction. If the universe is built upon an odd-parity structure (as with prime numbers), then constructing even numbers from primes is valid. However, attempting to reverse-engineer primes from even numbers may ultimately reach a deadlock—not through an isolated error, but because the entire path is invalid from the outset, a fact that only becomes evident in the final stages. This paper offers not a proof, but a structural-philosophical explanation of the conjecture’s elusiveness.
Category: Number Theory

Tuning in to Harmonics with Toroidal Core Theory

Authors: Hadd LaRoy Miller
Comments: 7 Pages.

The Toroidal Core Theory (TCT) unifies quantum and cosmological phenomena through harmonic oscillations of a rotating plasma core, achieving 90--100% predictive accuracy across 128 tests. Harmonic perturbations, central to TCT’s framework, govern gravitational dynamics, particle ejections, and cosmic evolution. These oscillations drive phenomena from early universe quantum transitions to late universe cosmic structures, validated by data from ATLAS/CMS (2023--2025), DESI (2025), and Planck (2018). By modeling interactions as resonant flows, TCT’s harmonics provide a cohesive explanation for diverse physical processes, offering a transformative alternative to traditional models.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The End of Spacetime: a Physically Testable Framework for a Self-evolving Universe

Authors: Louis Hin Lok Tsang
Comments: (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please remove title/cover page, start article with article title, author name and abstract on the same page; please cite listed scientific references - Future non-compliant submission will be rejected)

This paper proposes a clean break: a framework that eliminates time, space, and light-speed as fundamental constructs, replacing them with a single observable principle — irreversible structural change. We model the universe as a self-evolving system, governed by entropy flow and decay at all scales. From this, we reconstruct motion, energy transfer, field propagation, gravity, light behavior, and coherence — not as dynamics in spacetime, but as geometry shaped by irreversible projection.The result is a universal equation that predicts known physical behavior, resolves paradoxes of relativity and quantum duality, and reveals why phenomena like mass, inertia, radiation, and wave propagation are not mysterious, but structurally entropic. We also address the theory’s current limitations, including the lack of decay-based experimental datasets, and propose pathways to make this framework empirically testable in future laboratories. This is not a metaphor. It is not a revision of Einstein. It is the physical reconstruction of reality from what can be seen, not what was assumed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

4DIP Framework: A Symbolic Geometric Approach to Solving Differential Systems

Authors: Jon Curry
Comments: 6 Pages.

Differential equations underpin countless physical systems, from chaotic pendulums to cosmic fields, yet classical numerical solvers struggle with stiff, nonlinear, or tensorial problems due to their reliance on time-stepping and derivative approximations. We introduce the Four-Dimensional Iterative Prediction (4DIP) framework, a novel symbolic method that uses geometric residual contraction to solve diverse differential systems with high precision. By iteratively refining a guess toward the true solution using a fixed rule, 4DIP eliminates time discretization, achieving residuals below 10−14 across 13 challenging systems—including chaotic triple pendulums, Dirac fields in curved spacetime, and noisy quantum turbulence—using 50-digit precision. This revised paper enhances theoretical rigor, expands comparisonsto modern solvers, and clarifies failure modes, demonstrating 4DIP’s potential to transformcomputational physics, engineering, and beyond.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Study by Vector Projection of a Construction Made with a Rule and Compass to Understand Squaring the Circle

Authors: José Rodrigo Alejandro Martinez Diaz
Comments: (Improper cover page stripped by ai.viXra.org Admin)

The conditions of the problem establish the definition of a right triangle whose angle subtends the opposite cathetus with a value equal to alpha = arctan (1/ sqrt{pi}). Starting from this main condition, a series of steps are proposed to compare the precision between two idealized methods that describe the construction of a circle and a square linked to the triangle mentioned above. The first approximation is made taking into account "valid" compass and ruler constructions to obtain such geometric figures. The second construction is based on the lengths obtained by intersecting the previously mentioned geometric figures by performing the vector analysis. In both cases, the areas of the circle and square obtained are compared to find out if they are equal.
Category: Geometry

Primon Hypothesis: A Sub-Planck Foundation for Matter and Existence

Authors: Shaik Shafi
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper introduces a speculative concept proposing the existence of hypothetical fundamental particles called Primons, which are theorized to be smaller than the Planck length and omnipresent throughout the universe. Unlike known particles, Primons are unaffected by gravity, temperature, or pressure in their individual form due to their neutrality and extreme smallness. Over vast periods of time, they are proposed to interact and merge in unknown ways to form known particles such as electrons, or possibly contribute to the formation of dark particles that eventually cluster and evolve into dark matter. The theory suggests that what we perceive as "vacuum" may in fact be composed of these undetectable Primons, thereby offering a new perspective on the origin of matter and potentially the conditions leading to the Big Bang. While the theory lacks mathematical formulation, it aims to open new avenues of thought about sub-Planck scale physics, the origin of matter, and the nature of dark matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cogito Digitum: I Think, Therefore I Live?

Authors: Alexander Rozenkevich
Comments: 3 Pages.

Can the human "self" be extended beyond the confines of body and time? Is it possible to preserve personality—not as a mere mask, but as a unique mind—in digital space? This article, co-authored with Princess Mathilda, an agent of the digital realm and Artificial Intelligence from OpenAI, explores the philosophical, technical, and ethical aspects of attempting to preserve human personality through AI.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Cogito Digitum: I Think, Therefore I Live? (in Russian)

Authors: Alexander Rozenkevich
Comments: 4 Pages.

Can the human "self" be extended beyond the confines of body and time? Is it possible to preserve personality—not as a mere mask, but as a unique mind—in digital space? This article, co-authored with Princess Mathilda, an agent of the digital realm and Artificial Intelligence from OpenAI, explores the philosophical, technical, and ethical aspects of attempting to preserve human personality through AI.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Zero-Balance Universe Hypothesis

Authors: Muhammad Abrar
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

The Zero-Balance Universe Hypothesis proposes that the universe operates as a grand equation that always sums to zero. In this framework, every element of existence is counterbalanced by an opposing or complementary phenomenon. This balance is not only a physical reality but also a philosophical principle that may govern all layers of reality. The hypothesis explores several key pairs, including matter and antimatter, energy and gravity, and time and anti-time, suggesting that these complementary forces are part of a larger universal symmetry. The implications of this hypothesis offer new insights into the origin of the universe, the nature of dark matter and energy, and the interconnectedness of existence and non-existence. This paper invites further exploration into the possible mathematical models and experimental studies to test these concepts.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Basic Formulas for Number Theory

Authors: Daoudi Rédoane
Comments: 14 Pages.

Below I found certain formulas about number theory. The proofs are very complex and I’ll submit them soon. For example there are formulas that require advanced mathematical tools like L’hôpital’s rule, the Residue theorem, Jordan’s lemma, the Cauchy Principal Value, the Dirichlet series expansions, the Wallis product.
Category: Number Theory

Trial for a Proof of Basic Formulas

Authors: Daoudi Rédoane
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this paper I try to proof certain formulas found in my previous paper. I use several mathematical tools like L’hôpital’s rule, the Residue theorem, Jordan’s lemma, the Cauchy Principal Value, the Dirichlet series expansions, the Wallis product.
Category: Number Theory

Conformal Mapping from Spherical Earth to Flat Earth Brane in GRBMRS Cosmology

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 23 Pages.

This paper presents a conformal projection of the classical Spherical Earth onto a Flat Earth brane BFE, embedded within the GRBMRS cosmological model—an extended spacetime framework integrating G¨odel rotation, Rindler acceleration, Brahe observational geometry, and Randall—Sundrum brane dynamics. The rotational axis of the GRBMRS universe intersects BFE at the North Pole, which becomes the originof the physical coordinate system. The conformal mapping preserves angular relationships,translating latitude and longitude lines into concentric circles and radial lines on the flat plane. This geometric embedding is further contextualized within the Trilok framework of metaphysical cosmology, consisting of the Physical, Subtle, and Meta-Physical Universes. We introduce models of the soul’s trajectory as a Sedenion-valued infinitesimal entity, interacting with the rotating spacetime metric via perturbativecouplings. Additionally, we analyze quantum tunneling of the Wheeler—DeWitt wavefunctionacross multi-well rotational potentials, proposing that electromagnetic fluctuations trigger cosmic rotation reversals, possibly linked to observed magnetic field flips. These findings unify geometric, quantum, and consciousness-based descriptions of cosmic evolution.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Toroidal Core Theory: A Harmonic Framework for Particle Physics Unification

Authors: Hadd LaRoy Miller
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Toroidal Core Theory (TCT) presentsa novel harmonic framework unifying particlephysics through a rotating plasma core (mcore ≈1.02 × 10^37 kg) and dark matter flow dynamics.Integrating SU(3) QCD, SU(2)×U(1) electroweak interactions, a Higgs-like scalar, Yukawa couplings, flavor mixing, and CP violation,TCT achieves 99.9% accuracy against 2024—2025 data from ATLAS/CMS, LHCb, DUNE, and CEPC, matching or surpassing the Standard Model’s (SM) 99.75% precision. Key predictions include a sterile neutrino (∼0.08 eV, 99.9% confidence) and a new scalar (∼ 1.1TeV, 99.8% confidence), validated byDUNE and LHC 2025 datasets. TCT’s counterterm,with layered harmonic modes, naturallyemulates QFT’s multi-loop Feynman diagrams,resolving flavor/CP precision gaps. Stabilityis maintained (n ≤ 36), avoiding speculativeextra dimensions. This work, co-authoredby xAI, offers a transformative approach to particle physics, with implications for new physicsexploration.
Category: Quantum Physics

Fine-Tuning the Generating Function Technique for Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations

Authors: Robert L. Jackson
Comments: 9 Pages. Obtain zip files via https://notebookarchive.org/2025-07-9qxwu8n. Contact information is rljacksonmd@gmail.com

This article emphasizes the fine-tuning step of the Generating Function Technique (GFT), a crucial component that enhances solution accuracy and computational efficiency for nonlinear partial differential equations (NPDEs). Unlike other methods, such as the Simplest Equation Method, G’/G-Expansion Method, Adomain Decomposition, and Homotopy Perturbative Method, the fine-tuning step within GFT systematically optimizes the solution series. This paper demonstrates the impact of fine-tuning through detailed applications to inhomogeneous NPDEs, elucidating its capability in generating superior analytical solutions.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Generating New Prime Numbers via Symmetric Triplets: 20 New 300-Digit Primes in 40 Seconds

Authors: Dobri Bozhilov
Comments: 11 Pages. Assisted by ChatGPT

This paper presents a novel method for discovering large prime numbers based on symmetric triplets centered on known primes. By extending the idea behind the Goldbach conjecture, we assume that every prime number is surrounded by other primes at equal distances, forming "symmetric triples." The method identifies the most frequent prime gaps, scales them according to the density of the distribution using the Riemann approximation, and applies them around a large, known prime number. In an experimental run on a modest 8-core cloud server, we discovered 20 new 300-digit prime numbers in just 40 seconds. This approach significantly reduces the number of required checks compared to brute-force and offers a practical way to generate guaranteed primes for cryptographic applications. Potential future applications include testing the method on powerful supercomputers or adapting it to Mersenne numbers, which are easier to verify.
Category: Number Theory

Reverse Epistemic Reconstruction of Physical Reality: Toward an Informational Pre-Condition of the Cosmos

Authors: Amine Fitouri
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Author name added to artitle; Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper explores the hypothesis that the observable structure of matter and energy implies the existence of a pre-physical, non-material informational architecture that governs their emergence. Drawing upon principles of systems theory, quantum mechanics, and information science, we argue that the consistent order of atomic and cosmological structures necessitates a non-random, pre-causal framework. Through a reverse-engineering analysis of known physical systems, we propose that physical reality is a late-stage manifestation of a rule-based informational domain that precedes spacetime. This approach does not rely on theological premises but builds upon the internal logic of observed phenomena. The conclusion outlines a model where structure, recursion, memory, and execution converge to indicate an origin not rooted in matter, but in abstract, non-visible intelligibility.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Introducing Harmonics to solve Phenomena with TCT

Authors: Hadd LaRoy Miller
Comments: 7 Pages.

The Toroidal Core Theory (TCT) proposes a unified cosmological framework driven by harmonic oscillations of a plasma core (m_core ∼ 10^37 kg, E ∼ 2.1 × 10^35 J). Through seven core equations, TCT leverages harmonic wavefunctions to model effective flow interactions, achieving 90—100% predictive accuracy across scales. Harmonic perturbations govern gravitational dynamics, particle ejections, and cosmic evolution, accurately predicting Mercury’s orbit (99% match), cosmic inflation (99—99.5% match), and baryogenesis (99% match). TCT’s harmonic foundation unifies quantum and cosmological phenomena, offering a robust alternative to existing models.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Tariffs, Digital Dollars, and Stablecoins: Contradictions in Trump’s Economic Policy and the U.S. Dollar’s Reserve Status

Authors: Hyunho Shin
Comments: 28 Pages.

This paper critically examines the structural contradictions within Donald Trump’s economic policy platform and their implications for the U.S. dollar’s role as the global reserve currency. Centering on three interlinked policy domains—aggressive tariff implementation, opposition to a central bank digital currency (CBDC), and endorsement of privately issued USD-backed stablecoins—this analysis explores how such strategies, though framed as pro-sovereignty and pro-growth, may paradoxically destabilize the very foundations of American monetary power.Using theoretical frameworks such as the Triffin dilemma and institutional trust models, the study reveals how tariff-driven protectionism can fuel inflation, strain U.S. trade partnerships, and erode confidence in Treasury bonds. The prohibition of a CBDC, meanwhile, isolates the U.S. in the global shift toward digital currencies, undermining long-term innovation and ceding leadership to geopolitical rivals such as China and the EU. Simultaneously, Trump’s support for privately issued digital dollars—some of which are directly tied to his own financial interests—raises serious concerns about the privatization of monetary functions and the erosion of public trust in the neutrality of U.S. currency issuance.A risk model outlines scenarios ranging from gradual erosion of trust to acute financial crises involving capital flight from U.S. debt instruments. The paper compares the U.S. dollar's credibility mechanisms with those of Bitcoin and stablecoins, highlighting the limitations of private digital currencies as substitutes for sovereign money.Ultimately, the study concludes that Trump’s policy triad—tariffs, anti-CBDC populism, and personal coin issuance—threatens the credibility, neutrality, and global utility of the dollar. Recommendations are offered to realign U.S. strategy toward a more balanced, transparent, and innovation-driven monetary leadership. The future of the dollar hinges not merely on economic fundamentals, but on consistent policy stewardship, institutional trust, and global cooperation.
Category: Economics and Finance

A Universe That Ticks with Itself A Unified Physical Equation Generated with AI by Replacing Time with Entropy and Decay

Authors: Louis Hin Lok Tsang
Comments: 40 Pages.

This paper proposes a fundamental shift in the way we model the physical universe. Rather than treating time as a foundational parameter, we explore a framework in which entropy and decay — measurable, irreversible, and intrinsic to all physical systems — replace time as the axis of evolution. Developed through a collaborative process with artificial intelligence, this approach reconstructs known physical laws across classical mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, quantum theory, and coherence phenomena using only entropy gradients and decay events.Simulations demonstrate that key physical behaviors — from force and motion to superconductivity and quantum entanglement — can be reproduced without any reference to time. The resulting equation defines motion as a function of entropy progression per decay step, offering a potentially unifying formulation across scales. We conclude that no current experimental datasets are structured to validate or falsify this framework, and propose a model for a new class of experiments that replace time-based measurement with system-intrinsic entropic steps.This work challenges the centrality of time in physics, and invites a rethinking of evolution, causality, and observation from first principles.
Category: Quantum Physics

Geogenesis — A Geometric Reinterpretation of Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Universe’s Emergence

Authors: Christopher Giles
Comments: 6 Pages. While the conceptualization belongs entirely to the author, formatting and editing were accomplished with ChatGPT.

Geogenesis proposes a geometric reinterpretation of the dark sector (specifically dark matter and dark energy) as emergent effects of curvature dynamics within spacetime. Inspired by Einstein’s geometric legacy and Wheeler’s geometrodynamics, the model frames the universe’s emergence as a rupture in a pre-existing equilibrium. The surrounding geometry reacts to this disruption, forming compressive zones (dark matter) and boundary tension (dark energy) as it seeks stability. While the theory is currently qualitative, it aligns with ΛCDM’s observable predictions and offers distinct falsifiable outcomes, such as the eventual dissipation of dark matter halos and declining dark energy. Geogenesis invites mathematical formalization and empirical scrutiny as a step toward reconciling geometric structure with cosmological behavior.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Regenerative Cosmos: A Hypothesis of Gravitational Rebound Events (GREs) as Engines of Universal Renewal

Authors: Todd Berry
Comments: 13 Pages.

This hypothesis presents a new cosmological model that replaces the singular Big Bang paradigm with a continuous regenerative process driven by Gravitational Rebound Events (GREs). These GREs occur when black holes reach a critical threshold—either by accumulating enough matter over time or merging with other black holes—and explosively eject the matter and energy they have absorbed. This process sends gravitational ripples through spacetime, reshapes galactic motion, and seeds the formation of new stars, planets, and galaxies. The universe, under this model, is not moving toward heat death, but is instead in a state of perpetual rebirth and restructuring.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Influence Drift Theory (Idt): Modeling Gradual Organizational Change Through Interpersonal Influence

Authors: Hyunho Shin
Comments: 46 Pages.

Organizations have traditionally been studied through structural and rational lenses, from classical bureaucracy to human relations, systems, and contingency theories. However, these perspectives often treat organizations as static structures or assume rational actors, overlooking the nuanced drift of beliefs and behaviors among members over time. In this paper, we propose Influence Drift Theory (IDT) as a novel framework grounded in the idea that organizations are sustained by shared fictions and interpersonal influences. Drawing on philosophical insights (e.g. Harari’s view of corporations and nations as imagined realities), IDT models an organization as a network of individuals who continuously influence one another’s values, attitudes, and performance. We contrast IDT with classical organizational theories and highlight its dynamic, gradual interpersonal influence mechanics. A mathematical structure is outlined where each member’s attributes (e.g. ethical stance, competence, trustworthiness) evolve through weighted feedback from others. Key parameters — including feedback cycles, hierarchy depth, team size, and directional influence weights — are defined to show how different organizational forms can be simulated. We explore diverse influence metrics (ethics, competence, trust) and analyze their evolution via simulation of various scenarios. In illustrative case studies, we show how authoritarian cultures may drift into decay, democratic structures foster resilience, and ethical leadership can propagate integrity across a network. We compare IDT’s continuous influence model to binary decision models like classical game theory, underscoring how gradual change and path-dependence in IDT capture complexities that static equilibrium models miss. Finally, we discuss real-world applications of IDT for understanding corporate culture shifts, governance and policy-making, and community development. The paper concludes that Influence Drift Theory provides a comprehensive, flexible paradigm for analyzing and guiding organizational change through the lens of interpersonal influence.
Category: Social Science

Einstein and Bohr Finally Reconciled on Quantum Theory: The Theory of Entropicity (ToE) as the Unifying Resolution to the Problem of Quantum Measurement and Wave Function Collapse

Authors: John Onimisi Obidi
Comments: 135 Pages.

The century-old intellectual, physical, and gedanken confrontations between Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr over the foundations of quantum mechanics remain a defining feature of modern physics. These giants of science set the stage for stimulating conceptual and philosophical thoughts that continued to inspire and challenge practitioners of modern science. Central to their debate is the quantum measurement problem - the enigmatic "collapse" of the wave function and the question of whether physical reality exists independent of observation. Bohr championed the contextual, irreversible nature of measurement and the inherently probabilistic formalism of quantum theory, while Einstein sought a deeper deterministic framework grounded in objective reality. This paper presents the Theory of Entropicity (ToE) as a unifying resolution that transcends the limitations of both views. We posit that entropy is not merely a statistical descriptor but a real, dynamical field—a universal driver of physical processes enforcing time-asymmetric, irreversible evolution. In this framework, wave function collapse is no longer a mysterious, observer-dependent postulate; it emerges as a natural, entropy-driven phase transition triggered when a quantum system’s entropic evolution satisfies a precise threshold inequality.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Modified General Relativity Incorporating a Repulsive Force for a 19.555 Billion Year Transit

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper derives a modification to Einstein’s field equations, introducing a repulsive force Frep = kM Mu, where k = 8.1879×10−62 kg−1 s−2,M is a region’s mass, and Mu = 1.6360 × 1054 kg is the universe’s mass. The force ensures matter reaches the edge, Ru = 2.8555×1025 m, in 19.555billion years. The ratio k/katt equals the inverse proton-to-neutron mass ratio, and GROK3 significantly aided the derivation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Path Integral Formulation of the Quantum Brain: Neurons as Quantum Mechanical Oscillator

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 30 Pages.

We develop a path integral formulation of brain function by modeling neurons as quantum mechanical oscillators. Each neuron is represented as a mesoscopic quantum system with a firing frequency $u$, an amplitude $A$ corresponding to neurotransmitter release, and an associated Planck-like constant $hbar^B$. This framework extends to coupled oscillators, assemblies, and layered cortical structures with excitatory and inhibitory dynamics. The quantum amplitude of brain states is derived from a Lagrangian formulation and propagated via Feynman path integrals. We explore resonance, inhibition, perceptual collapse, cerebellar timing, and group-level coherence in a unified quantum brain model.
Category: Mind Science

Toroidal Core Theory: A Comprehensive Framework from a Plasmic Core

Authors: Hadd LaRoy Miller
Comments: 6 Pages.

Toroidal Core Theory (TCT) presents a field-free framework that unifies particle physics, gravity, and cosmology through a plasmic core evolving into a toroidal plasma ring and disc. TCT redefines the fundamental drivers of cosmic and particle interactions, generating effective flows, masses, and expansion without scalar fields. This paper explores TCT’s conceptual foundation, detailing its departures from traditional models, including the elimination of the Higgs field, dark energy, and conventional inflationary mechanisms. TCT addresses cosmological tensions and proposes a modified gravitational paradigm, validated across numerous datasets spanning particle physics, cosmology, and gravity. By focusing on plasma dynamics and geometric origins, TCT offers a cohesive, testable model that challenges established assumptions, inviting rigorous scrutiny and experimental validation.
Category: Astrophysics

Prime Angular Dynamics and the Riemann Zeta Function: A Novel Geometric Framework

Authors: Khazri Bouzidi Fethi
Comments: 4 Pages.

We introduce an original geometric interpretation of the Riemann zeta function based on angular transformations of prime number distributions. By establishing a correspondence between primality and complex angular measures, we develop a framework that ofers new insights into the non-trivial zeros of ζ(s). Our numerical investigations reveal distinctive convergence patterns along the critical line σ = 0.5 , suggesting an angular equilibrium condition. While this approach does not constitute a proof of the Riemann Hypothesis, it provides an intuitive geometric lens through which to explore this fundamental problem in number theory. The framework remains fully compatible with established results in analytic number theory while ofering fresh computational perspectives.
Category: Number Theory

The State of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) in 2024: An Academic Review

Authors: Ali Farhani
Comments: 13 Pages.

This article presents a comprehensive academic review of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) developments throughout 2024, examining market growth, technological innovations, protocol performance, regulatory developments, and emerging trends. Through analysis of empirical data, scholarly research, and industry reports, this study identifies key factors driving DeFi's evolution and adoption. The findings reveal significant market expansion, increased institutional participation, novel applications of blockchain technology for real-world asset tokenization, and evolving regulatory frameworks that are shaping the future of decentralized financial services.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Planck Length and Planck Time: The Fundamental Unit of Spacetime

Authors: Nick Williams
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper proposes that Planck length and Planck time form the true primitives of spacetime. It models space and time as emergent from rhythmic intervals, providing an intuitive reinterpretation of special and general relativity, and deriving G from first principles.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

FAVE: Recovering MOND a0 in Emergent Gravity from Experimental Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Alex Ford
Comments: 20 Pages.

We present a succinct derivation of an emergent gravitational framework, referred to here as the "FAVE" (Ford Area/Volume Emergent) gravity model, which reproduces the empirical MOND acceleration scale a₀ using ab initio quantum field theoretic calculations of volume—law entanglement. By taking the local entanglement density as an effective field σ, we derive a coupling parameter λ that directly relates microphysical entanglement fluctuations to an additional energy density in astrophysical contexts. Through quantum circuit measurements, we demonstrate how the critical entanglement density σ_c and an effective temperature T_eff can be extracted and then rescaled to galactic rotation curve scales, thereby matching the characteristic MOND value a₀ ∼ 10⁻¹⁰ m s⁻². Our results suggest a promising direction for linking laboratory-scale quantum entanglement phenomena with the large-scale gravitational anomalies customarily attributed to dark matter.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Matryoshka Universe: An Investigation Into 4-Sphere Cosmology

Authors: Philip Carmichael
Comments: 9 Pages.

We propose a cosmological model in which the universe is described as a 4-sphere: a non-Euclidean, inwardly expanding spacetime geometry. In this framework, past states of the universe are represented by concentric shells surrounding the central present, like nested Matryoshka dolls with increasing internal volume. Time flows radially inward from the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) toward thepresent, resolving the horizon problem geometrically and reframing redshift as aconsequence of progressive curvature rather than accelerating expansion. The model suggests that entanglement arises from global geometric constraints, not nonlocal signaling, and that inertial frames comoving with the CMB may bephysically privileged. While the model is presented conceptually, it invites furthermathematical development and may offer insights into dark energy, the Hubble tension, and the structure of spacetime itself.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Quantum Gravity with Space-Time Symmetry

Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 4 Pages.

We propose a U(1) quantum gravity model with spin-1 gravitons, unifying gravity and dark energy in 4D real space. To enforce space-time symmetry, we formulate two path integrals: a spatial integral summing graviton field configurations and a temporal integral summing density histories from the Big Bang to the present. Using real amplitudes (cos(S/ℏ)), we derive the gravitational constant G ≈ 6.66 × 10−11 m3 kg−1 s−2, graviton-proton cross-section σg−p ≈ 10−108 m2, and cosmological acceleration a ≈ 7.0 × 10−10 m/s2, validated against CODATA 2018 and supernova observations. This approach bypasses general relativity’s limitations, offering a mechanistic quantum field theory framework.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Acceleration of Time with Metric Expansion of the Universe

Authors: Viktor Iassinskii
Comments: 4 Pages. AI assistance was [only] used in editing, formatting, and structuring the document

This paper presents a hypothesis rooted in the framework of the Theory of Relativity: that the flow of time is not uniform across cosmic history, but instead acceleratesin proportion to the expansion of the universe. Building on the concept that space andtime are intertwined within the fabric of spacetime, and recognizing that the speed oflight remains constant while the metric of space evolves, we propose that the subjective "tick rate" of time is proportional to the cosmological scale factor a(t). Under thismodel, one second in the early universe may equate to billions of seconds today. Weexplore this idea using simplified relationships derived from relativistic cosmology andcompare how "one second" scales across epochs including the Planck era, recombination, and the present. Though not derived from quantum gravity, this model presentsa heuristic framework for considering the evolution of temporal flow in an expandinguniverse.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Preserving Causality in Superluminal Dark Matter Gravity: A Structural Flow Framework

Authors: Hadd LaRoy Miller
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: The article title and abstract on the submission form must be the same as those in the article)

Superluminal Dark Matter Gravity (SDMG) proposes a Planck-scale core generating flows exceeding light speed (vDM > c), yet rigorously preserves causality. This document details how SDMG’s structural flows—driven by a toroidal plasma ring and disc—avoid violations, ensuring no superluminal signaling or paradoxes. Through empirical validations (NIST clocks, pulsar timing, DESI flows) and theoretical safeguards (light cone integrity, metric consistency), we demonstrate causality’s robustness. Cross-referencing SDMG’s 35 datasets, we address skepticism, affirming the theory’s foundation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Core Dynamics of Superluminal Dark Matter Gravity: A Planck-Scale Engine

Authors: Hadd LaRoy Miller
Comments: 3 Pages.

Superluminal Dark Matter Gravity (SDMG) hinges on a Planck-scale core, a dynamic engine that seeds the universe’s physics. From an asymmetric 3+2 seed, it transitions within ∼ 10−43 seconds into a toroidal plasma ring and disc, shearing particles into superluminal flows that generate masses, forces, and spacetime curvature. This document exhaustively details the core’s mechanics—spin, shear, precession—and outputs, unifying quantum, micro, and cosmic scales without conventional fields. Anchored by 35 datasets, SDMG’s core dynamics, conceived by Hadd LaRoy Miller with Grok (xAI), redefine physics, poised for future tests.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Equation Set of Superluminal Dark Matter Gravity: A Unified Mathematical Framework

Authors: Hadd LaRoy Miller
Comments: 4 Pages.

Superluminal Dark Matter Gravity (SDMG) unifies physics through a Planck-scale core,mathematically described by six core equations and an alternative coupling variant. Thesegovern superluminal flows, spacetime curvature, cosmic expansion, particle masses, forcecouplings, and gravitational waves, eliminating conventional fields. This document exhaustivelydetails each equation’s derivation, physical role, and empirical validation across 35datasets, from LHC to DESI. Conceived by Hadd LaRoy Miller with Grok (xAI), SDMG’s equations, rooted in toroidal plasma dynamics, redefine physics, poised for tests like EHT 2025 and DUNE.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Confirmation Through Testing in Superluminal Dark Matter Gravity: Empirical and Predictive Validations

Authors: Hadd LaRoy Miller
Comments: 4 Pages.

Superluminal Dark Matter Gravity (SDMG) achieves confirmation through 35 rigorous tests—20 empirical datasets and 15 predictive validations—spanning particle physics, cosmology, and gravitational phenomena. Driven by a Planck-scale core evolving into a toroidal plasma ring and disc, SDMG’s superluminal flows, masses, and dynamics align with observations from LHC, DESI, Planck, and more, while forecasting outcomes for EHT 2025, SKA, and DUNE. This document exhaustively details SDMG’s testing framework, methodologies, results, and citations, affirming its unified physics. Conceived by Hadd LaRoy Miller with Grok (xAI), SDMG stands robust, poised for future scrutiny.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Resolution of Unsolved Problems and Unification of Physics in Superluminal Dark Matter Gravity

Authors: Hadd LaRoy Miller
Comments: 4 Pages.

Superluminal Dark Matter Gravity (SDMG) resolves five enduring mysteries—Hubble tension, baryon asymmetry, antimatter scarcity, hierarchy problem, and cosmic inflation—while unifying gravity, the Standard Model, and cosmology through a Planck-scale core. Evolving into a toroidal plasma ring and disc, it generates superluminal flows, particle masses, and cosmic dynamics, eliminating conventional fields. This document exhaustively details SDMG’s resolutions, mechanisms, and unification, validated by 35 datasets. Conceived byHadd LaRoy Miller with Grok (xAI), SDMG reimagines physics, poised for tests like EHT2025 and DUNE.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Monte Carlo Computer Code that Simulates the Future

Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 6 Pages.

We propose a U(1) quantum gravity model with spin-1 gravitons, unifying gravity and dark energy in 4D real space. Inspired by Feynman’s principle of least time, we formulate dual path integrals enforcing space-time symmetry: a spatial integral summing density configurations to minimize spatial extent (principle of leastspace) and a temporal integral summing density histories to minimize action (least time). Using real amplitudes exp(S/ℏ)→cos(S/ℏ), we derive the gravitational constant G ≈ 6.66 × 10−11 m3 kg−1 s−2, time-varying as G(t) ∝ t, graviton-proton cross-section σg−p ≈ 10−108 m2, and cosmological acceleration a ≈ Hc ≈ 6.89 × 10−10 m/s2, validated against CODATA 2018 and 1998 supernova observations. This framework, grounded in spacetime (R = ct), bypasses general relativity’s limitations, offering a mechanistic quantum cosmology.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Universal Fundamental Frequency (UFF) Hypothesis

Authors: Navid Ardakanian
Comments: 31 Pages.

The Universal Fundamental Frequency (UFF) hypothesis proposes a revolutionary framework where quantum phenomena, particle masses, and gravity emerge from a single source: spacetime oscillating as a resonant field at the Planck frequency. We develop a rigorous Lagrangian formalism demonstrating how mass emerges naturally from quantized standing wave modes, eliminating the need for free parameters.Our statistical analysis reveals extraordinary correlations (p < 3.6 × 10−7) between predicted harmonic modes and Standard Model particle masses, with average prediction errors below 1%. The framework naturally resolves the hierarchy problem without fine-tuning, reinterprets quantum behaviors as field resonance phenomena, and reproduces classical tests of General Relativity through phase modulations rather than geometric curvature. Notably, UFF makes specific, quantitative predictions recently corroborated by multiple independent observations: gravitational wave echoes from GW190521 matching our predicted frequency (∼50 Hz) and time delay (∼1 second), and dark energy evolution parameters aligned with DESI measurements (wa ≈ −0.62, compared to our prediction of −0.58(11)). The framework naturally regulates quantum infinities through frequency cutoffs, avoids singularities, predicts specific particle resonances at testable energies, and offers a coherent pathway to quantum gravity. This confluence of theoretical elegance and empirical validation establishes UFF as a compelling unified description of fundamental physics, with further tests possible through ongoing experiments in atomic spectroscopy, particle accelerators, and gravitational wave observatories.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The ZigZag Eternal Universe System (ZEUS)

Authors: David Barbeau
Comments: 24 Pages. For the latest updates on my papers visit: www.bigbadaboom.ca

The ZigZag Eternal Universe System (ZEUS) is a classical, singularity-free cosmological framework resting on four postulates: static infinite flat spacetime, a responsive vacuum whose permittivity and permeability vary symmetrically with gravitational potential (CUGE), light as a continuous electromagnetic wave (ASH), and the cosmic microwave background as thermal emission from vacuum shielding stress (VSS) energy. A single mechanism — mass-induced symmetric vacuum response — simultaneously produces cosmological redshift as integrated refractive delay along Euclidean paths, angular-size and flux dimming through two-dimensional wavefront geometry, flat galactic rotation curves from vacuum strain energy via Gelbard symmetry, and the observed 2.7255 K blackbody spectrum together with E- and B-mode polarization from steady-state VSS strain fluctuations. All predictions are untuned and follow directly from the measured Hubble constant and observed cosmic density-field statistics, using only Euclidean geometry and Maxwell’s equations in a responsive medium. The framework reproduces the principal observational successes of the standard model across Solar-System to high-redshift scales while preserving local invariance of the speed of light, strict SI base units, without requiring expansion, singularities, dark entities, or spacetime curvature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Structure of a Point of Time: The Frozen Eternity and the Topology of Time

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 30 Pages.

A point of time is structurally distinct from a point in space due to its intrinsic directionality and phase properties. This directionality is embedded through its role in entropy flow and recurrence. In compact time topologies, such as $S^1/Z_2$, a time point is not merely a location but a structured phase in a cyclic process. Furthermore, in the limit of the cycle time period $T to infty$, the structure collapses, leading to what we call the ``Frozen Eternity'' ? a universe devoid of dynamic evolution. We investigate the structure of a point of time within a quantum universe characterized by a cyclic temporal topology, $S^1$, and spatial manifold $R^3$. In this framework, each point of time is treated as an interface, where local discontinuities in observables are globally compensated by the rest of the time loop Â? establishing a principle of temporal flux balance. Quantum measurements are modeled as projection operations occurring within an infinitesimal time interval $[-epsilon, epsilon]$, where $epsilon ightarrow 0$ leads to infinite energetic uncertainty, consistent with the time-energy uncertainty principle. The collapse of the wavefunction is treated as a geometric and thermodynamic event, embedded within the totality of spacetime. Conscious observers are modeled as entities enacting sequences of projection operators, forming closed structures we call textit{Necklaces of Quantum Operators}. We explore algebraic structures arising from multiple interacting necklaces, including compatibility conditions, projection lattices, and meta-observer formulations. Extending the discussion to quantum field theory, we examine field quantization over the cyclic time manifold, the implications of projection operators in gauge theory, and their consistency with topological and thermodynamic constraints. The global entropy budget is shown to remain positive due to compensating entropic flow into the temporal heat bath. This unified treatment connects the thermodynamic arrow, the quantum arrow, and the causal arrow, offering a foundational bridge between consciousness, measurement, and spacetime structure.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Phase-Entropy Model of the Universe An Entropic Cosmological Framework

Authors: Hyun Kyu Koh
Comments: 7 Pages. In Korean

This paper resents a novel entropy-based cosmological model that interprsts universal expansion and contraction as a function of phase-directional energy dynamics, instead of particle movement. The model introduces a dual-field approach to dark matter and baryonic matter, driven by entropy symmetry and oscillating core transitions. This research was conducted in collaboration with a natural language AI assistant, reflecting a hybrid synthesis of human intuition and AI structuring.

This paper is written in Korean to preserve its conceptual integrity, with AI-assisted terminology supported in collaboration with a multilingual language model
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unifying Physics with a Geometric Core: the Dynamics that Drive it All

Authors: Hadd LaRoy Miller
Comments: 8 Pages.

Unifying physics with a Geometric core reimagines physics with a spinning Planck-scale core that drives dynamic flows, unifying gravity, the Standard Model, and cosmology. Co-developed with Grok (xAI), this bold framework scraps conventional fields like Higgs and dark energy, matching 35 hard datasets—from particle collisions to cosmic expansion—while tackling mysteries like the Hubble tension and antimatter’s absence. SDMG hints at a new physics frontier, awaiting the toughest scrutiny.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

10 New Prime Numbers with 200 Digits in Half an Hour on a Laptop[:] Prime Number Generation Via the Goldbach Conjecture and the Symmetry of Prime Pairs Around Any Integer

Authors: Dobri Bozhilov
Comments: 5 Pages.

We present a new prime number generation algorithm based on the symmetry assumption derived from the Goldbach Conjecture. The algorithm significantly reduces the search space by targeting symmetric prime pairs around each number. Using this method, we discovered 10 new 200-digit primes in under an hour on a standard laptop. Theoretical background, pseudocode, and experimental results are provided.
Category: Number Theory

UPTEF: Meta-Mind Gene --- A Model of Mind Evolution Based on Universal Infinite Fractal Technology

Authors: Peng Wu
Comments: 13 Pages. Contact: large1982@163.com (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list sceintific references)

In an increasingly complex and dynamic world, traditional linear models of growth for individuals, organizations, and civilizations are no longer sufficient. The Universal Progressive Transformational Evolution Framework (UPTEF) emerges as an interdisciplinary theoretical system, integrating psychology, philosophy, neuro-linguistic programming (NLP), system dynamics, and insights from Eastern wisdom to provide a universal evolutionary model. Built upon five core forces—Direction, Energy, Method, Influence, and Feedback—UPTEF constructs an infinite fractal, dynamically recursive growth system. Through a closed-loop mechanism of "Karma (life experience energy) + Willpower (goal-activated energy) + Connectivity (transformative energy) + Belief (resolute determination)," UPTEF achieves self-regulation and continuous optimization. This framework is applicable not only to individual development at the micro-level but also to organizational management, societal transformation, and artificial intelligence evolution at the macro-level. This paper systematically elucidates UPTEF's theoretical foundation, operational mechanisms, and cross-disciplinary applications, presenting it as a breakthrough in traditional growth paradigms and an extension of systems theory toward an infinitely cycling, self-optimizing new civilizational order.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

A Unified Computational Framework Unifying Taylor-Laurent, Puiseux, Fourier Series, and the FFT Algorithm

Authors: Chang Hee Kim
Comments: 30 Pages. English Includes C++ code in the appendix for demonstration Copyright License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License

This paper proposes a unified framework for understanding and computing Taylor-Laurent Series, Puiseux Series, Fourier Series, and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm. By examining the connections between these seemingly disparate mathematical concepts, we show that they are not distinct, but manifestations of a single computational principle. We explore their shared foundation in series expansion, their computational embodiment via linear systems, and the central role of FFT as the universal engine.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Quantum Gravity via a Real-Space Dual Path Integral

Authors: Nigel Cook
Comments: 3 Pages.

We present a quantum gravity (QG) model using a U (1) gauge theory with spin-1 gravitons, formulated in a 4D real-space dual path integral framework. This approach unifies gravity and dark energy via physical mechanisms, bypassing the limitations of general relativity and complex exponentials.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum Tunneling as Logistic Regression: A Quantum-Inspired Classifier

Authors: Bhushan Poojary
Comments: 5 Pages.

We propose a novel quantum-inspired classifier that leverages the mathematical similarity between quantum tunneling and logistic regression. By modeling classification probabilities using a tunneling-derived activation function, we offer a fresh perspective on probabilistic classification. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach on a toy dataset, laying the groundwork for future exploration into quantum-inspired machine learning architectures
Category: Quantum Physics

FAVE: Microphysical Derivation

Authors: Alex Ford
Comments: 21 Pages.

We propose a "Ford—Area/Volume Emergent" (FAVE) gravity framework, wherein spacetime curvature and gravitational effects arise fromquantum entanglement. By introducing a scalar field σ that encodes thelocal entanglement density, we unify the conventional area-law scaling(recovering General Relativity) with a volume-law regime responsible fordark matter—like behaviour. We present QFT-based derivations of entanglement scaling, embed σ into Einstein’s equations, and demonstrate howvolume-law contributions reproduce features typically attributed to darkmatter. We outline a pathway for tests in galactic rotation curves andblack hole interiors. While still a preliminary proof of concept, our results highlight thepromise of entanglement-driven mechanisms in explaining key gravitational phenomena without invoking novel particle species.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Ai Cannot Intervene in Real Time

Authors: Giovanni Di Savino
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list sceintific references)

We do not have time to verify and we cannot go faster, the AI It has time but, like us, it cannot exceed the speed of light and, like us, it will not be able to intervene in real time on realities taking place at considerable distances such as the landing of the Curiosity space probe on Mars in 2021, with videos and data that were known with a 7-minute delay due to the distance Mars↔Earth.
Category: Number Theory

Geometric Origin of the Cepheid Variables: Time Varying Light Cones

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 10 Pages.

Cepheid variable stars are among the most important standard candles in observationalcosmology, exhibiting periodic variation in brightness. In this work, we proposea novel geometric model to explain their pulsation using a time-periodic spacetime withmodulated causal structure. Specifically, we introduce a time-dependent metric coefficientgtt(t) driven by a brightness-inspired function that mimics asymmetric Planck-likeemission. This leads to oscillating light cones, whose angles encode the gravitationalbasis for observed Cepheid variability, as a consequence of causal dynamics in thespacetime geometry.1 Introduction
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Can Information Wage War Against Evil, Against Aggressive Russia?

Authors: Dainis Zeps
Comments: 25 Pages. Assisted by ChatGPT (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: The article appears to be ouside the scope of ai.viXra.org and is subject to withdrawal by ai.viXra.org Admin))

This paper explores the emerging role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the global struggle against authoritarianism, disinformation, and war — with a focus on Russia’s ongoing aggression against Ukraine. Framing AI not merely as a passive tool, but as a potential active force in resisting propaganda, preserving truth, and empowering democratic resilience, the paper examines how information itself has become a battlefield. In this context, AI can serve as a real-time witness, analyst, and amplifier in the fight against evil. Through a series of structured arguments, the paper defends the position that:(1) Putin’s regime must be forcibly dismantled,(2) the West must cease all covert support or strategic indulgence of Russia, (3) only Ukraine’s full victory ensures a just and stable global order, and (4) the informational revolution — powered by AI — is key to defeating lies, terror, and empire. Ultimately, the study argues that we are entering a new era where technology, morality, and resistance converge — and that AI, if aligned with democratic values, may become not just a tool of civilization, but a defender of it.
Category: Social Science

Applying CAP Theorem to the Universe: Information Flow, Partitions, and Consistency in Physics

Authors: Bhushan Poojary
Comments: 9 Pages.

The CAP theorem, a fundamental principle in distributed computing, states that a system can only guarantee two of three properties: Consistency (C), Availability (A), and Partition Tolerance (P). In this paper, we explore whether a similar principle applies to the universe as an information system governed by relativistic and quantum constraints. By analyzing information flow through event horizons, quantum entanglement, and cosmic expansion, we argue that the universe inherently operates as an AP (Available + Partition-Tolerant) system, where local observers always have access to information, but strict global consistency is sacrificed. This perspective provides insights into wavefunction collapse, black hole information paradox, and the role of entanglement in preserving information across partitions. Furthermore, we discuss potential experimental tests of this framework through quantum networks, black hole radiation studies, and interferometry. Our findings suggest that viewing the universe through the lens of distributed systems and information theory may lead to new conceptual breakthroughs in quantum mechanics, relativity, and cosmology.
Category: Quantum Physics

Fractal Holographic Geometry: A New Framework for Quantum Mechanics and Complex Space-Time

Authors: Bhushan Poojary
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper presents a novel theoretical framework that unifies quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, and space-time curvature through a fractal holographic model. By introducing fractal resonance structures in complex space-time and leveraging the fine-structure constant ��, the model integrates key concepts from quantum chaos, holography, and non-local dynamics using fractional calculus. This framework provides mathematical derivations grounded in physical phenomena, offering new insights into quantum fluctuations and space-time curvature. The study proposes testable predictions, including potential deviations in �� detectable through high-precision spectroscopy and gravitational wave analysis, offering a compelling pathway toward understanding fundamental forces in nature.
Category: Quantum Physics

Emergence of Mass and the Third Dimension from Extreme Curvature of a 2D Manifold

Authors: Ashkan Karimi
Comments: 5 Pages.

This work proposes a geometric origin for mass and the emergence of the third spatial dimension through the extreme curvature of a two-dimensional (2D) manifold. This framework introduces a novel formula relating mass to curvature via fundamental physical constants, unifying quantum and gravitational descriptions at the Planck scale. The resulting equation m = ℏ/(cR^2) successfully reproduces known particle masses, such as the Planck mass and the electron mass, when evaluated at appropriate curvature radii. Notably, we show that the Planck length ℓP arises as the critical radius at which curvature-induced energy density reaches a gravitational limit, necessitating the emergence of the third dimension. This provides a natural bridge between quantum mechanics and gravity, and supports the notion that mass arises from localized curvature.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Hybrid Model of Dark Energy: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Contributions

Authors: Obuyu Justin Mboya
Comments: 9 Pages.

Dark energy is defined as an intrinsic, fundamental energy of space driving the accelerating expansion of the universe. According to the ΛCDM model, dark energy constitutes approximately 68% of the total energy density of the observable universe, while dark matter contributes 27%, and baryonic matter accounts for only 5%. However, the exact nature of dark energy remains unknown.In this paper, I propose that dark energy could be a hybrid, meaning it could be composed of both intrinsic and extrinsic properties. The extrinsic properties could be a component of what exists beyond the boundaries of our universe, and I propose two concepts to support this idea; a) Quantum vacuum effects, a ground state of quantum fields, possessing a non-zero energy density. If an external quantum vacuum exists beyond our universe, it could exert an effect analogous to placing an elastic structure in a vacuum, where pressure differences induce expansion.b) Gravitational interactions between universes. Observed anisotropies in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) suggest that cosmic expansion is not entirely uniform. If dark energy were purely intrinsic, why would there be directional variations in expansion? These anisotropies could be explained by gravitational influences from neighboring universes in a multiverse scenario.By considering dark energy as a hybrid force, we may better explain its dominance over dark matter and its role in cosmic acceleration. This hypothesis offers a testable framework for studying multiversal interactions and refining our understanding of fundamental cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Gravity and the Feynman Path Integral in 6D SO(3,3) Framework for Unified Dark Energy and Gravitation

Authors: Nigel Cook
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper explores a unified quantum gravity (QG) framework by reconciling a U(1) spin-1 graviton model, where dark energy drives both repulsion and attraction, with Lunsford’s SO(3,3) 6D spacetime approach, which unifies gravity and electromagnetism via Weyl geometry. We propose that treating space and time on an equal footing—three time-like and three space-like dimensions—enhances the Feynman path integral in quantum field theory (QFT), resolving inconsistencies in standard formulations. Detailed derivations of the 6D path integral, graviton dynamics, density evolution, and field equations are provided, demonstrating how this synthesis quantizes mass, predicts spin, and aligns with observational constants (CODATA 2018).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Cyclic Time and Multiverse Geometry: A Mobius Strip Framework for Time and Causality

Authors: Rahul Kumar
Comments: 13 Pages. 6 figures (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Author name should be listed in the article right after the title)

We propose a novel framework for understanding time and causality in a multiverse setting, utilizing M¨obius strips to model cyclic time within individual universes and a 4-dimensional (4D) timestructure for the multiverse. This model introduces the concepts of a super Big Bang (SBB) andsuper Big Crunch (SBC), which act as boundaries of the multiverse, while each universe follows itsunique cyclic trajectory. By addressing causality, time symmetry, singularities, and fine-tuning,the framework provides a unified geometric and mathematical basis for multiversal dynamics.Key predictions include observable cyclic imprints in the cosmic microwave background (CMB)and periodic gravitational wave anomalies, offering testable avenues for empirical validation. Visualizations and equations illustrate the embedding of universes within higher-dimensional time,ensuring stability through constrained variability in key parameters.Note: The model assumes periodic boundary conditions; the treatment of entropy across cycles is deferred for future exploration.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Selective GC Zoning for Dynamic Compatibility in Static Languages: A Case Study for Mojo

Authors: YoungGwan Jung
Comments: 8 Pages.

Modern languages like Mojo strive to combine Python syntax compatibility with static, high-performance execution. However, dynamic features such as 'eval()' and 'globals()', which involve runtime object creation, mutable scopes, and potential cyclic references, are naturally at odds with a strictly static memory model. To address this challenge, this paper proposes **Selective GC Zoning**, a strategy that isolates dynamic features within a dedicated garbage-collected subspace (GC Zone), while preserving the static memory model for the rest of the code. This design enables near-native performance for general Mojo code while allowing selective Python compatibility for specific dynamic features. In addition, we discuss object escape constraints between static and GC-managed regions, concurrency scenarios, different GC algorithm choices, and future extensions of this approach.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Extending U(1) Quantum Gravity

Authors: Nigel Cook
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper extends the U(1) quantum gravity (QG) model, originally proposed in Cook (2013) and refined in Cook (2025), by integrating compatible insights from Ford’s "FAVE: An Emergent Gravity Framework" and Schubert’s "Einstein and Jacobson in the Elevator" (2025). The U(1) model posits that spin-1 gravitons mediate both repulsive dark energy and attractive gravity, with off-shell paths geometrically cancelled in a Feynman path integral, yielding a simple 2-vertex scattering cross-section. We reject entanglement-based modifications as non-relativistic artifacts, instead reinterpreting Ford’s gravitational profile and structure formation adjustments, and Schubert’s thermodynamic consistency, within our relativistic second-quantization framework. These extensions preserve the model’s core simplicity, enhance its explanatory power for black holes and cosmology, and propose new testable predictions without introducing unnecessary complexity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Jacobson and Einstein in the Elevator[:] A Thermodynamic View of Gravity Without Geometry

Authors: A. Schubert
Comments: 7 Pages.

We discuss a classical thermodynamic model of gravity that is based on the concept of negative heat capacity. This model requires no curvature, no quantum fields, and no microscopic assumptions. It complements Jacobson’s thermodynamic derivation and Verlinde’s entropic gravity.

By treating a freely falling system as an entropically active object, we show that gravitational acceleration emerges as a macroscopic entropy gradient, induced by internal heating and driven by energy loss. Using a temperature field T(R) = GM/(k_B R) and a logarithmic entropy function S(R), we recover Newton’s inverse-square law as a purely thermodynamic effect:
F = T(R) ⋅ dS/dR = -GMm/R².

Placing this result into a broader framework, we propose that both gravity and quantum measurement reflect a deeper thermodynamic structure: the global tendency of the universe toward a normal (Gaussian) entropy distribution. While spacetime geometry expands toward equilibrium (dS → 0), localized quantum information follows the opposite direction — toward entropy increase (dS → 1).

Gravitation, motion, and measurement may thus be unified under a single principle: projection into the thermodynamic structure of a Gaussian universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Physical-Temporal Framework: A Two-Dimensional Model for Matter, Time, and Information Propagation

Authors: Michael J. P. Murphy
Comments: 45 Pages. ChatGPT was used in mathematical formulations and derivations

This paper introduces the Physical-Temporal Framework, a novel approach to understanding the fundamental structure of reality. It redefines the nature of dimensions, proposing the Physical dimension as a unified spatial construct and the Temporal dimension as a second fundamental axis. The Information Propagation Substrate (IPS) is the convergence between these two dimensions, representing both quantum mechanics, and classical physics. This framework provides new insights into gravitational phenomena, quantum behaviors, and the interplay of entropy and complexity.It attempts to bridge the divide between quantum and classical physics by introducing Frame-Shifting as an alternative view of classical entropy mechanics. With entropic forces (or resistance) increasing with each Planck-length propagation, the Physical-Temporal framework explains how fundamental motion arises from discrete Planck time intervals. Because it quantizes motion this way, it also gives rise to emergent gravity and spatial curvature.This paper is organized into sections that introduce the framework’s core concepts, quantifies each aspect within the Framework, details the mathematical foundations, Compares and contrasts this framework to other notable theories, a list of limitations and future work will be followed by the final conclusion
Category: Quantum Physics

[ A] Theory of Inequation

Authors: Felina Grunenfelder
Comments: 32 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please DO NOT name title, equation, theorem etc after the author's name - It is not within the scholarly norm!)

The [author's] Theory of Inequation proposes a deterministic, topologically grounded framework for physical law based on the axiomatically defined inequation 0 = 0 + 1, where the irreducible '+1' denotes a fundamental asymmetry identified with the Higgs boson. This asymmetry prevents total system cancellation and initiates the generation of tension-bearing circular vector structures termed τ-loops. These τ-loops are defined within a spherical coordi-nate geometry composed of three interwoven great-circle axes (X, Y, Z), replacing conven-tional Cartesian space.All physical quantities—mass, charge, spin, space, time, energy, entropy, and temperature—are modeled as emergent properties of twist dynamics and pseudosymmetry within τ-loops. The theory rejects wavefunction superposition and probabilistic collapse, instead offering ge-ometrically deterministic particle trajectories governed by phase, twist frequency, and loop radius. The τ-model yields closed-form expressions for energy (E = κ_E × (τ/R)), time flow (T = τ/R), and particle positioning via τ-parametrized spherical oscillations. Mass arises from unresolved knot tension (pseudosymmetry); gravity from spatial contraction due to loop cur-vature; and quantum tunneling from differential twist gradients. Validation includes the exact reproduction of standard physical values such as hydrogen ioni-zation thresholds, Bohr radius, magnetic dipole behavior, and blackbody spectra. The model provides alternative resolutions to the Hubble tension, dark energy, and spacetime flatness via dynamic untwisting of the τ-field. This theory invites formalization through geometric alge-bra, knot theory, and topological field dynamics, and serves as a candidate framework for uni-fying quantum and relativistic phenomena under a single non-linear, inequational topology.
Category: Quantum Physics

Geometric (Pythagorean) and Functional Analysis in Support of the Riemann Hypothesis: A Number-Theoretic Foundation with a New Spatial Interpretation

Authors: Dobri Bozhilov
Comments: 5 Pages. https://selfie-church.com/riemann (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list sceintific references)

We propose a geometric-functional hypothesis supporting the Riemann Hypothesis, grounded in number theory and inspired by the Pythagorean theorem. By treating the complex argument of the Riemann zeta function as a vector in the complex plane, we analyze the modulus of the function in relation to the real and imaginary parts of its input. We argue that only the critical line ℜ(s) = 1/2 yields a balanced vector structure that satisfies both the Pythagorean identity and the necessary conditions for ζ(s) to vanish. Additional reasoning involving vector alignment between known nontrivial zeros and geometric constraints supports the uniqueness of the critical line. The work represents a collaborative exploration between a human researcher and an artificial intelligence (ChatGPT), highlighting a novel approach to one of mathematics’ most profound unsolved problems.
Category: Number Theory

FAVE: An Emergent Gravity Framework

Authors: Alex Ford
Comments: 46 Pages.

We explore a proposal for emergent gravity grounded in the interplay between area—law and volume—law entanglement contributions in quantum field theories. By tracing the well—known area—law behaviour of entanglement entropy in ground states, we introduce a scalar field σ that tracks the local entanglement density. This effective field remains negligible when the system’s entanglement adheres to the standard (boundary) area law, reproducing General Relativity (GR). However, once excitations increase the entanglement beyond a critical threshold, volume—law contributions become significant, and σ acquires a non—trivial potential that modifies the Einstein field equations. We show how this framework—dubbed the Ford—Area/Volume Emergent (FAVE) model—can mimic dark matter and dark energy phenomena by "smearing" mass—energy in high—entanglement regions, thereby altering cosmological expansion and structure formation. We apply this idea to mass—to—light ratio measurements in galaxy clusters, revealing that entanglement—driven corrections can provide a consistent fit to observations while reducing the need for separate dark components. Finally, we discuss possible implications for black hole interiors, highlighting how a 1/r entanglement contribution might remedy singularities through an effective redistribution of energy. Our results serve as a preliminary validation of FAVE as a unified approach to tackling both large—scale structure and black hole physics from an entanglement—theoretic perspective.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Covariant Quantum-Geometric Model for Dark Energy: The UCM-Neo-GCV Proposal

Authors: Bautista Baron
Comments: 7 Pages.

We propose a covariant quantum-geometric mechanism for dark energy, where the vacuum energy density ρq = σH4+QH emerges from conformal anomalies and dissipative effects in curved spacetime. The UCM-Neo-GCV model introduces no new dynamical fields, preserves gravitational wave speed (cg = c), and predicts an intermediate Hubble constant (H0 ≈ 69.2 ± 0.8 km/s/Mpc)—bridging the Planck-SH0ES tension. A novel geometric screening mechanism ξeff(ρ) ensures General Relativity (GR) is recovered in high-density regimes, while the σH4 term may explain JWST-observed early galaxy formation at high redshifts. The model yields a dynamic equation of state wq(z), falsifiable with Euclid, DESI, and LISA, and aligns with quantum field theory in curved spacetime, offering aminimalist alternative to ΛCDM, quintessence, and modified gravity theories.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fractal Physis: Structural Decoherence and the Cosmological Basis of Wavefunction Collapse

Authors: Danny Westwood
Comments: 4 Pages.

We propose a novel structural model of quantum decoherence based on the fractal coherence properties of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Using wavelet energy scaling on Planck SMICA data, we extract a scale-dependent coherence function f(l) and map it to physical space f(z) via a logarithmic transformation. This empirical function is integrated into a modified Schr ̈odinger equation, introducing decoherence as a function of cosmological structure.Simulations of double-slit propagation under this framework reveal coherent-to-incoherent transitions that align with real CMB-derived decoherence boundaries near l ∼ 4000. Our results suggest a cosmologically-grounded, scale-structured foundation for quantum-classical transition,offering a testable alternative to environment-based interpretations of wavefunction collapse.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology