Relativity and Cosmology

The Cosmic Microwave Background as Coherence Emission: A Holosphere-Based Model of Angular Re-Radiation

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 8 Pages.

We propose that the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is not a relic of a primordial hot phase, but a continuous, steady-state emission arising from angular coherence decay in the structured Holosphere lattice. In this framework, spacetime is modeled as a nested, rotating array of Planck-scale Holospheres, where quantized angular phase transitions in high-n orbital shells produce blackbody-like radiation. The CMB spectrum emerges naturally from transitions near n ∼ 970, corresponding to a coherence breakdown threshold. This emission occurs at the outermost visible shell—termed the decoherence zone—beyond which photons become phase-incompatible with the observer’s lattice and cannot propagate. The observed ∼2.725K blackbody spectrum is thus a local phenomenon tied to each observer’s coherence horizon, not a universal surface of last scattering. This model replaces recombination with real-time angular re-radiation and offers falsifiable predictions regarding anisotropies, polarization, and temporal variation. The Holosphere coherence framework thus provides a geometric, phase-based alternative to Big Bang interpretations of the CMB.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

TIME Theory — Time Induced by Metric Expansion

Authors: Christian Koch
Comments: Full PDF (97 pages) at https://zenodo.org/records/15574296

The TIME Theory (Time Induced by Metric Expansion) presents a field-theoretic framework in which time and gravity emerge from a scalar field alpha(r, t). This work originates from a simple conceptual premise: that time itself could emerge from synchronized spatial expansion. Building on this idea, we construct a consistent scalar-field model that reproduces key predictions of general relativity and quantum theory while offering new testable implications. Gravitational phenomena are described in terms of spatial gradients in this field, offering an alternative to curvature-based models such as general relativity and scalar-tensor theories. The theory reproduces general relativity effects such as gravitational lensing, the Shapiro delay, perihelion precession, and galactic rotation curves — based on a nonlinear field equation coupled to a dimensionless matter proxy. The field also reproduces effects commonly attributed to dark matter and dark energy. On cosmological scales, it accounts for the universe's accelerated expansion and baryon acoustic oscillations. In the quantum domain, wave patterns in the scalar field ("Chronons") encode harmonic oscillations in the CMB, providing a new explanation for its anisotropies. Quantum interference and entanglement are modeled through coherence patterns in the scalar field, replacing nonlocal signaling assumptions. Electrodynamics is derived from covariant coupling to the time-generating field, reproducing Maxwell's equations without invoking a separate gauge symmetry. In strong gravity regimes, the field collapses to near-zero values, avoiding classical singularities and enabling bounce-like behavior. Thermal emission emerges from quantized field fluctuations near horizons. The framework offers observational predictions including modified lensing profiles, phase-shift patterns in interferometry, and neutrino oscillation signatures influenced by field time variation. TIME provides a testable, self-consistent alternative to standard cosmology and gravitation, grounded in the idea that time arises from dynamic spatial expansion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitizing Quantization

Authors: Daniel Murphy McGoldrick
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list sceintific references)

We propose that the longstanding effort to quantize gravity may be conceptually inverted: rather than forcing gravity into the quantum framework, quantization itself may be a byproduct of entropic gravitational geometry. Drawing inspiration from Penrose’s entropy-centric cosmology and extending it through the PREU—COM framework, we formulate a model in which spacetime curvature emerges from rational entropic unfolding. Our formulation recovers general relativity’s predictions while reducing its ad hoc assumptions and revealing the informational foundation beneath both quantum mechanics and gravitational behavior.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Gödel—FLRW Fusion: Rotating-Expanding Spacetime with Observable Dark Energy Behavior

Authors: Ivan Berdichevsky
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list sceintific references)

We present a novel solution to Einstein’s field equations that fuses the rotating structure of the Gödel universe with the expansion dynamics of the FLRW cosmology. This physically structured and testable metric yields a stress-energy tensor with components exhibiting dark energy-like behavior through negative pressure sourced purely by rotation-expansion coupling. The model bridges metaphysical and observable domains while remaining grounded in general relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Pi-Periodic 22/7ths Dimension: A Quantum Gravity Framework for Dark Energy

Authors: Ernest C. Gatlin III
Comments: 10 Pages.

We propose a novel 4+1-dimensional quantum gravity framework incorporating a compactifiedextra dimension, τ , with a periodicity of π (to 22 decimal places), symbolically tied to the rational approximation 22/7. Integrated into loop quantum gravity (LQG), the τ -dimension’s compactification radius R ≈ 5.6 × 10−11 m is derived to match the observed dark energy density (ρΛ ≈ 2.3 × 10−3 eV/cm3). A scalar field φ(τ ) with an exponential potentialdynamically generates this density, reducing fine-tuning compared to static vacuum energy models. Numerical solutions using the Runge-Kutta method confirm a slow-roll behavior,yielding an equation of state w ≈ −0.999, consistent with cosmological observations(type Ia supernovae, CMB, BAO). We discuss implications for quantum gravity, particlephysics, and future observational tests with DESI and Euclid, offering a new perspective onthe cosmological constant problem.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Structural Information Cosmology: A Novel Framework for Dark Matter and Quantum Gravity

Authors: Seon Yong Park
Comments: 42 Pages. Computational code [inluced & distrubuted under] CC BY 4.0

Modern physics is confronted with fundamental unresolved problems such as dark matter, dark energy, the unification of the four fundamental forces, and quantum gravity. This paper proposes "Structural Information Cosmology (SIC)" as a novel approach to address these issues. The core assumption of SIC is the introduction of a dynamical **structural information field, $mathcal{C}(vec{x}, t)$**, which represents the "structural complexity of information," as a fundamental constituent of the universe alongside matter and energy. In this paper, we present a generalized Lagrangian incorporating the $mathcal{C}$ field and derive the modified Einstein field equations and the equation of motion for the $mathcal{C}$ field therefrom. One of the key predictions is that the effective gravitational coupling constant, $G_{text{eff}}$, can be modulated by the local value of the $mathcal{C}$ field. Through a concrete calculation example, we demonstrate that under specific parameter assumptions, $G_{text{eff}}$ can be enhanced by up to 2-4 times the standard value in regions where the $mathcal{C}$ field is dense, showing the potential to explain a significant portion (approximately 40-60% in the example model of this paper) of dark matter effects. Furthermore, we discuss new perspectives and expansion possibilities that the SIC framework can offer for various problems, including the unification of the four fundamental forces, an information structural interpretation of black holes, cosmological dynamics (inflation, dark energy), and a fundamental link with quantum information theory. This paper presents the foundational theoretical framework of SIC and proposes specific research directions for future theoretical development and experimental/observational verification, aiming to provide new insights into fundamental questions in physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Fluctuations and Wavefunction Structure in Black Holes

Authors: Isaac Joe
Comments: 2 Pages. [Distributed] under CC BY 4.0 (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Pseudonym is not permited)

This paper proposes a speculative quantum model where the wavefunction of a particle within a black hole does not collapse to a singularity. Instead, we postulate an inverse relation between wavelength and radial distance: λ = 2ℓu209a² / R. This leads to quantum fluctuations that intensify as the particle approaches the center, preventing full convergence and resulting in a stable shell-like structure. This model suggests that the interior of black holes may consist of standing wave patterns rather than a point of infinite density. The idea is supported by intuitive derivation and implications for quantum gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A 7D Spacetime Soliton Model for Particle Physics and Cosmology

Authors: William H.J. Field
Comments: 26 Pages.

This paper presents a 7D spacetime model that unifies particle physics and cos- mology within a geometric framework, offering a simpler alternative to string theory’s 10 dimensions by encoding particle properties—lepton and quark generational energies (e), stability (u), and confinement (v)—in just three extra dimensions (e, u, v). The dimensions x, y, z, t, e, u, v govern particle properties, while also embedding fundamental phenomena like the arrow of time and the speed of light directly in the spacetime structure through a dynamic e-t coupling, eliminating the need for external constants. The model predicts a 5% decay asymmetry in muon neutrinos (pT skew), a quark- gluon plasma transition at 180 MeV, and 0.01% shifts in gravitational wave signatures, all verifiable through experimental observations consistent with 7D geometry. Dark matter arises from transient vacuum fluctuations in the u, v, and e dimensions, pro- ducing particles such as u-v (∼ 0.42 GeV), e-t (∼ 0.0035 GeV), e-u-v (∼ 0.085 GeV), and e-u (∼ 0.070 GeV), clustering in halos with ρm ≈ 2.3 × 10−27 kg/m3. Dark energy emerges from a diffuse ex soliton at ∼ 1.32 × 10−5 GeV, driving cosmic expansion at ρDE ≈ 7 × 10−27 kg/m3, both sourced by vacuum fluctuations in the 7D framework.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Field Based Model of Gravitation and Its Experimental Proposal

Authors: Arie Hoeymans
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: The article title and abstract on the submission form DO Not match those in the article; please cite and list sceintific references)

This paper presents a theoretical model of gravitation developed by Dipl. Ing. Arie Hoeymans, a physicist who dedicated decades to the study of physically real fields as fundamental components of nature. His approach challenges conventional concepts of gravity by proposing that gravitational interactions can be explained through real, field-based structures, without invoking curved space-time.The document outlines the core principles of this field theory and introduces a practical experimental setup intended to verify or falsify key aspects of the model. The theory and experiment were compiled and prepared for publication by his son, Kai Hoeijmans, in an effort to preserve and share the late scientist’s legacy and ideas. This posthumous publication is intended as an invitation for discussion, evaluation, and further testing by the scientific community.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unified Field Dynamics in Information Space: A Geometric Theory of Consciousness and Computation

Authors: William Paul Fitch Jr.
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper presents theoretical foundations. Implementation details, optimization parameters, and performance metrics are proprietary and protected under separate filings.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Apparent Age Inflation and Gravitational Weakness from Ultra-Rare Vacancy Migration in a Coherent Holosphere Lattice

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper presents a redefinition of gravity, redshift, and cosmological time within a discrete, rotating lattice model composed of Holospheres—spherical shells of coherently spinning Planck-scale units. In this framework, gravitational effects arise from the slow migration of coherence defects (9; 10) along angular strain gradients, and redshift is explained as cumulative phase slippage through recursive coherence layers. This einterpretation eliminates the need for spacetime expansion, dark energy, and inflation while providing a coherent explanation for the observed weakness of gravity and the apparent overestimation of galactic ages. By modeling space, time, and energy as emergent consequences of angular phase coherence, the Holosphere lattice model offers a falsifiable and physically grounded alternative to conventional cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Framework for Cosmic Structure Formation Based on the Source Energy Field Theory

Authors: Eishi Sakihara
Comments: 51 Pages.

This study introduces the "Source Energy Field Theory," a novel theoretical framework that offers a unified interpretation of cosmic structure formation, fundamental forces, and quantum phenomena through nonlinear wave equations governing universal energy modulations. Numerical simulations across various dimensions confirm stable solutions consistent with observational data (e.g., Virgo cluster galaxies from SDSS). The theory demonstrates comprehensive consistency with major physical theories, including relativity, quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, and superstring theory. Given its innovative approach and solid empirical validation, this paper represents a significant step forward in theoretical cosmology and fundamental physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmological Age and Epoch Transitions from Radial Layer Indices in the Holosphere Model

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 26 Pages.

The Holosphere model proposes a cosmological framework in which the universe is built from a rotating, fractally nested lattice of spherical coherence layers. In contrast to CDM’s continuous spacetime and scale factor evolution, this model introduces a discrete chronology defined by radial coherence indices b = r/R, where each shell’s angular alignment governs physical processes and emergent time. This paper develops a lookback-time framework based on redshift arising from both relativistic angular divergence and cumulative phase drag across coherence layers. Epochal transitions—such as recombination, reionization, and structure formation—are reinterpreted as discrete phase transitions in rotational strain, not thermodynamic thresholds. Wederive a parameter-free redshift—time equation, show its alignment with observed galaxy data, and explain how gravitational effects, lensing, and structure formation emerge from defect clustering and angular strain gradients. This framework predicts observable differences from CDM in red shift anisotropies, lensing irregularities, and galaxy rotation without dark matter. It offers a testable, unified ontology in which time, gravity, and quantum behavior emerge from recursive angular coherence within a finite, non-expanding lattice.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Galaxy Rotation Curves from Coherence Strain Gradients in the Holosphere Lattice

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 21 Pages.

The Holosphere model proposes that galaxy rotation curves arise from coherence strain and defect phase-locking within a discrete rotating lattice of spacetime structure. In this framework, orbital velocity is not governed by dark matter halos but by angular tension gradients and phase continuity across radial coherence bands. We develop a hybrid velocity profile combining an inner strain-driven rise and an outer coherence tail, which accurately reproduces flat rotation curves without invoking hidden mass. A formal derivation of this profile is presented using a strain-based energy functional, linking orbital support to rotational tension gradients. This paper compares the Holosphere prediction to CDM and observed data, and outlines distinguishing observational consequences such as environment-dependent curve flattening, asymmetries, and the absence of halo-induced dynamics. The model offers a parameter-minimal, testable alternative to dark matter—based galaxy dynamics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Source Energy Field Theory: Surpassing ΛCDM Cosmological Predictions via Redshift-Distance Relations

Authors: Eishi Sakihara
Comments: 26 Pages.

This study precisely reconstructs the relationship between cosmological redshift and distance based on the newly proposed Source Energy Field Theory. Unlike the standard ΛCDM model—which relies on the assumption of accelerated cosmic expansion—our theory introduces a novel distance prediction model incorporating nonlinear electromagnetic wave attenuation, cosmic curvature, and observational directional dependence (right ascension and declination). Using high-precision observational datasets (Pantheon+ and SH0ES), we evaluated our model's performance over a broad range of distances (6.3 to 17,241 Mpc). Results demonstrated statistically significant improvements over ΛCDM (our model: RMSE = 145.52 Mpc, R² = 0.991, KS p-value = 0.989; ΛCDM: RMSE = 189.79 Mpc, R² = 0.985, KS p-value = 0.706). Our findings challenge conventional cosmological assumptions, suggesting a reconsideration of dark energy, cosmic expansion, and spatial isotropy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Temporal Flow Theory: A Conceptual Framework for Time as a Propagating Field

Authors: Mike Dunn
Comments: 9 Pages. Distributed under CC BY 4.0 (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: An abstract in the article is required)

Temporal Flow Theory (TFT) proposes a novel framework in which the speed of light is not merely a velocity through space, but the rate at which time itself propagates across the universe. In this interpretation, light is not a traveler through time—it is the visible manifestation of time's own wavefront. Each point in space emits and receives its own temporal signature, and these "time frames" interact, forming a resonant field of temporal structure. This approach offers new insights into gravitational lensing, time dilation, and the formation of black holes, which are reinterpreted as regions of temporal saturation rather than purely spatial collapse. TFT also suggests that gravity may arise from a tendency of masses to synchronize their temporal frames. Conceptual predictions are proposed for testing via differences in light bending around single versus binary stars, and through refractive effects caused by temporal mismatch in dense media. The theory aims to complement and extend general relativity by treating time as an active field, with implications for cosmology, gravitation, and the potential unification with quantum coherence phenomena.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Boundary-Spacetime Vortex Hypothesis (BSVH)

Authors: Larry A. Lund
Comments: 5 Pages.

This hypothesis proposes that galaxies form sporadically through spacetime vortex phenomena at the cosmological event horizon. When two vortices collide, they generate intense oscillating gravitational gradients that excite the quantum vacuum, producing high-density photon bursts. These photons undergo pair-production (( E = mc^2 )), creating stable matter that seeds galaxy formation when conditions are optimal. Vortex collision symmetry determines galaxy morphology: off-center interactions yield spiral galaxies with angular momentum, while symmetric interactions form elliptical or spherical structures. Due to the boundary’s distance, this process appears static or merger-based locally, occurring beyond observable horizons.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Spacetime as a Relaxing Medium: A Memory-Foam Analogy for Inflation, Cosmic Expansion, and Galactic Rotation

Authors: Mark Patter
Comments: 3 Pages.

We propose a novel physical analogy in which spacetime behaves as a viscoelastic medium with memory-like properties, akin to memory foam. In this model, mass-energy deforms the spacetime medium, and when that stress is removed or redistributed, the medium gradually relaxes toward an equilibrium state. This built-in relaxation pressure may account for: (1) the inflationary expansion of the early universe, (2) the late-time acceleration of cosmicexpansion without invoking dark energy, and (3) the flat rotation curves of galaxies without dark matter. We suggest that a modified Einstein field equation incorporating a spacetime relaxation term can provide a unified explanation of these phenomena. Preliminaryimplications and potential observational tests are discussed. This approach may offer a material-based physical intuition for large-scale gravitational dynamics, inviting a re- evaluation of spacetime as an active, evolving medium rather than a static geometricbackdrop.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

M¨obius Entropy Time: A Topological Framework for Cosmological Time and Entropy

Authors: John Judkins
Comments: 23 Pages.

This monograph proposes a novel framework for understanding cosmological time and entropy through a non-orientable, M"obius-like manifold structure. Time is treated as a projected vector field that evolves via entropic gradients, with implications for cosmogenesis, quantum field structure, and metric inversion across cosmological transitions
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dynamic Vacuum Model Theory

Authors: Patrick Reilly
Comments: 33 Pages.

Presenting the Dynamic Vacuum Model (DVM), a unified framework in which the quantum vacuum is promoted to a dynamical field whose energy exchanges via microscopic processes generate gravitation, particle masses, and gauge interactions. Starting from a covariant action coupling a vacuum scalar (and extraction parameter) to the metric, we derive the one— and two—loop effective potential via Coleman—Weinberg and sunset diagrams. A functional renormalization—group (Wetterich) analysis then demonstrates an ultraviolet fixed point, establishing asymptotic safety and renormalizability. Varying the full action yields modified Einstein equations in which vacuum "drainage" and "inflow" reproduce Newtonian and weak—field gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geometric Redshift and Light Propagation in a Rotating Lattice Universe

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 17 Pages.

We propose a cosmological framework in which redshift, lensing, and time dilation emerge from photon propagation through a discrete, rotating lattice composed of spinning Holospheres. Departing from CDM’s reliance on metric expansion and dark energy, this model attributes red shift to a hybrid mechanism: a transverse Doppler-like shift from rotational motion at emission, and exponential phase drag resulting from cumulative angular strain across the lattice." Each photon is emitted from a medium moving at a fraction of the speed of light, character ized by its lookback time relative to the total lattice age. As the photon travels toward the outer boundary—into the Holosphere moving at c—its frequency is modified by the velocity mismatch and rotational tension gradient. The resulting redshift equation provides a physical alternative to metric expansion and naturally reproduces observed acceleration without a cosmological constant. We compare this model against standard cosmological observables, including luminosity distance, angular size, and time dilation, and identify falsifiable predictions that diverge from ΛCDM at high redshift.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Layered Causality Hypothesis

Authors: Mark Rehl
Comments: 26 Pages.

The Layered Causality Hypothesis proposes that relativistic disconnection between systems, creates distinct causal domains (R-levels) that cannot share quantum coherence or simultaneity. This framework provides a new explanation for dark matter as ghost matter: real mass existing in causally incompatible R-levels, gravitationally interactive but quantum-invisible. The hypothesis offers a reinterpretation of dark sector behavior, coherence breakdown, and potential violations of intuitive relativistic structure
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Cosmic Tension Pulse Theory

Authors: Cong Wang
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list sceintific references)

This paper presents a unified cosmological framework grounded in the dynamics of spatial tension, offering an alternative to particle-centric and dark-matter-dependent models. It introduces a fundamental identity — space = matter + wave — wherein matter is defined as a localized expression of spatial compression, and light as the propagating wavefront of tension transformation. Matter and antimatter are reinterpreted not as annihilative opposites but as inverse tension states; their transitions are structural reversals mediated by light, not particle destruction. Black holes and main-sequence stars are shown to be cyclic extremes of this process, functioning as sinks and sources of spatial tension, respectively.The model further extends to atomic behavior, nuclear reactions, and macroscopic thermodynamic effects such as thermal expansion, unifying them through tension state variation. This theory asserts that all energy phenomena — from stellar radiation to quantum transitions — are expressions of a single, continuous, and self-modulating field of spatial tension. The result is a non-anthropocentric, annihilation-free cosmological vision that closes long-standing theoretical gaps without invoking unverifiable constructs such as dark matter or vacuum fluctuations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Vibrational Model of Space: Anisotropy, Granularity, and Gravitational Effects

Authors: Gui Furne-Gouveia
Comments: 6 Pages.

We propose a novel theoretical framework where space is a vibrational medium composed ofgranular entities, characterized by intrinsic anisotropy (λ1, λ2, λ3). Light propagates as waves in this medium, and matter consists of localized vibrations. Time is defined as the cadence of these vibrations, with proper time dilated by motion relative to the medium. The model unifies gravitational effects, reproducing general relativity through density variations, and explains particle generations and neutrino oscillations via anisotropic rigidities. The rigidities may be deduced from lepton masses, and a thought experiment measuring the absolute velocity relative to the medium renders the model falsifiable, distinguishing it from standard relativity. Predictions for experimental tests, including neutrino oscillation anomalies and gravitational effects, are discussed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Temporal Synchrony Gradient Gravity

Authors: Kash Moghaddami
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list sceintific references)

We propose a novel interpretation of gravity as an emergent phenomenon arising from temporal synchronization gradients in spacetime. Rather than viewing mass as curving geometry in the traditional sense, we hypothesize that mass introduces a localized delay in the rate at which spacetime can propagate or process temporal information. This delay creates a gradient in temporal synchrony, causing nearby regions of spacetime to shift their temporal frames in an effort to remain in causal or informational sync with the mass-distorted zone. We define a scalar delay field proportional to GM/(r c²), whose spatial gradient yields a vector field, formally analogous to the classical gravitational field but conceptually rooted in informational dynamics. This model draws conceptual parallels to systems in which a global state emerges through the synchronization of local elements around delayed or slower processes. By interpreting gravitational attraction as a system-wide effort to minimize temporal desynchronization, we provide a new framework for understanding the arrow of time, mass-energy distributions, and potentially gravity’s unification with quantum information theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Meta-Principia: A Unified Informational Framework for Fundamental Physics

Authors: Alexandre de Cerqueira Santos
Comments: 25 Pages.

We propose a complete, falsifiable, and computationally validated unification of fundamental physics grounded in a single axiom: the Informational Generative Principle (IGP). From this principle, we derive all known physical structures—including spacetime, quantum mechanics, gravitation, mass-energy relations, the Standard Model gauge groups, cosmological expansion, black hole thermodynamics, and observer-dependent collapse—without postulating particles or continuous fields as primitives. Instead, all observables emerge from structured information constrained by maximal coherence and minimal semantic redundancy.A unified Lagrangian is constructed over six interdependent informational fields: the resolution field phileft(x,tight) , coherence tension Omegaleft(x,tight) , curvature tensor Theta_{muu}left(x,tight) , anchoring field Hleft(x,tight) , excitation field psileft(x,tight) , and observer memory field gleft(x,tight) . These produce gravitational curvature, quantized excitations, gauge symmetries, and collapse statistics consistent with the Born rule.Twenty-one simulation modules validate the theory, including predictions of the scalar spectral index n_s , neutrino mixing angles, black hole evaporation spectra, and Planck-scale structure regularization. Entanglement and decoherence emerge from the interplay between the resolution field and observer-modulated semantic tension. Constants such as hbar , c , and G are recovered from the statistical geometry of the coherence field.This manuscript demonstrates that all known physical phenomena—across quantum, relativistic, and cosmological domains—are accounted for within this axiomatically minimal and computationally sufficient framework. We further provide observational comparisons to CMB data, LIGO gravitational waveforms, neutrino oscillation experiments, and standard quantum interference patterns, confirming the model’s empirical viability. Meta-Principia completes the program of unification by treating reality not as substance, but as structured information—resolving the deepest paradoxes of modern physics through semantic dynamics rather than geometric postulates.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Calabi—Yau Manifolds and 2D Time with M¨obius Topology

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 25 Pages.

This paper explores a speculative but conceptually rich intersection between twocentral constructs in modern theoretical physics: Calabi—Yau manifolds, used in compactification schemes in string theory, and the notion of two-dimensional time withM¨obius topology. We investigate the potential implications of embedding Calabi—Yauspaces in a spacetime framework with a non-orientable temporal dimension, examininghow such configurations could influence field theory, supersymmetry, brane dynamics,and the structure of holographic dualities.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravity from Discrete Spinning Spheres: Emergent Geometry and Thermodynamics

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper proposes a granular model of spacetime wherein gravity and inertia emerge fromquantized angular momentum transfer through a discrete, spinning medium composed of Planck-scale and sub-Planck-scale spheres. Within this framework—termed the Sempiternal SpinningSphere Theory—the universe is modeled as a hierarchy of rotating spheres, where defects incuboctahedral packing give rise to observable matter and forces. Gravitational effects are notattributed to curvature of a smooth manifold but to statistical gradients in spin perturbationspropagating through the lattice.The model reproduces key features of general relativity in the large-scale limit, includingframe dragging and causal lightcones, while avoiding singularities and point-particle infinities.It integrates naturally with the Holographic Principle by showing that the sum of distributedpacking defects equals the surface area of the bounding sphere, and provides a potential physicalbasis for Jacobson’s and Verlinde’s emergent gravity scenarios.A proposed redshift equation incorporating both relativistic Doppler shift and a tired-light-like attenuation term is also introduced, which matches high-redshift galaxy data with minimalfree parameters. This model suggests a new avenue for unifying gravitational, quantum, andthermodynamic descriptions of spacetime from a bottom-up, geometrically discrete foundation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

HGVM: Towards a "Higgs—Geometry Vacuum Modulation" Framework for Foundational Mass Generation

Authors: Carlos Isturiz
Comments: 75 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: An abstract in the article is required)

HGVM is a foundational framework proposing a geometric coupling between the Higgs vacuum expectation value and local spacetime curvature. This approach models mass generation and inertial properties as emergent phenomena resulting from a linear modulation of the Higgs field by curvature invariants. While maintaining consistency with the Standard Model in low-curvature regimes, the theory offers novel insights into the interplay between particle physics and gravity, suggesting potential implications for dark matter and vacuum structure. This initial formulation lays the groundwork for further extensions toward a unified dynamics of mass, inertia, and vacuum geometry.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Emergent Gravity from Tensor-Scalar Dynamics in the Steady State Spinning Sphere Theory

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 17 Pages.

This paper develops a tensor-scalar formulation of gravity grounded in the Steady State Spinning Sphere Theory. The universe is modeled as a ro-tating sphere composed of holosphere-scale and sub-Planck-scale spinning units, nested hierarchically. Packing defects that emerge in concentriccuboctahedral layers yield a near-hollow geometry, with the total discontinuities summing to the surface area—supporting the Holographic Prin-ciple. Gravity arises from gradients of angular momentum (tensor field), while a complementary scalar field represents repulsive gravity derivedfrom global rotation. The dark energy fraction is shown to emerge naturally from Lorentz-based mass enhancement due to rotation, approximating 68.17%, matching Planck data. Unlike expansion-based models, this framework supports a closed, steady-state universe. We derive how the angular momentum gradient tensor recovers the Einstein field equations in appropriate limits and show that the Friedmann and Schwarzschild solutions emerge consistently within this discrete, spin-based geometry. This dual-field perspective offers a path toward reconciling general relativitywith microscopic structure and thermodynamic origin. We see gravity as Jacobson’s approach: GR as thermodynamic equilibrium. An entropicforce such as Verlinde’s. This paper proposes a physical structure behind such interpretations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hybrid Redshift Equation, Matching all Redshifts Incorporating Special Relativistic Doppler Effect and Tired Light Correction in a Spinning Universe

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 6 Pages.

We propose a hybrid redshift equation combining the special relativistic Doppler effect with an empirical tired light correction. This formulation allows redshift to be a function of the velocity of a spinning medium in a rotating universe and the accumulated energy loss due to photon interaction with that medium. The model provides a modified redshift relation that may describe observations beyond standard cosmological expansion and relativistic effects. This paper presents a model that predicts the redshifts as well as measured values, but without adjustments by dark energy, dark matter or comoving distances. There is only one parameter. It is the fraction of time since emission of the light. The parameter also adjusts for a small factor of tired light of the universe. The assumption is that light hits an object moving at the speed of light. The model of theuniverse is spheres made out of spheres. The model is called "Sempiternal Steady State Spinning Sphere Theory", aframework unifying particle masses via vacancy defects in cuboctahedral packing of a granular universe. The model proposes an eternal spinning sphere universe (radius 3.018 billion light-years, mass ∼ 1.636 × 1054 kg) with continuous matter creation and destruction, driven by both attractive and repulsive gravity dynamics. . A redshift comparison table validates the model against measured values of redshift, suggesting resolution to the Hubble tension due to assumptions from a steady state universe verses a big bang universe. There are two graphs, the first showing how accurately the model predicts redshift vs actual data using the LambdaCDM model. Thesecond showing that the Lambda CDM model has very unusual curve that would require tremendous changesof energy and force in the universe inexplicably. This paper predicts an attenuation constant of about 3.14, for whatever causes the attenuation of the redshift.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geometric Optical Knots as Sources of Gravitational Fields

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: Written in English, 1 page, no figure.

We propose a new perspective in which gravitational fields arise not from conventional matter-energy sources, but from topologically structured configurations of light. In this preliminary investigation, we consider the possibility that optical knots—topologically nontrivial ray configurations—can induce curvature in space-time in a manner analogous to how energy-momentum sources enter Einstein’s field equations. Drawing inspiration from knotted electromagnetic fields such as Hopfions, and guided by insights from Abelian Chern—Simons theory in (2+1) dimensions, we outline a research program aimed at understanding whether knotted ray bundles may serve as effective sources of gravity. While no detailed model is presented here, we motivate the idea that the gravitational field might not be fundamental, but rather a topological byproduct of self-organized light configurations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Frame Dragging, Redshift, and Gravitational Quantization in a Discrete Spinning Medium and Universe

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 3 Pages.

Causality in this framework is preserved not through continuous spacetime curvature, but through the structure and finite interaction speed of the discrete spinning medium. Every interaction—gravitational or electromagnetic—is constrained by the speed of propagation of angular momentum changes through the Planck and Kaluza spheres, which is limited by the speed of light. This guarantees that no effect can precede its cause and that no signal can travel faster than light, maintaining causal order in all frames. Frame dragging, a hallmark of general relativity near rotating massive bodies, appears in this theory not through geometric warping, but as a mechanical effect. Objects embedded in the rotating medium are locally entrained by the collective spin state of nearby spheres. As such, the rotation of the universe sets a preferred frame in which matter and light propagate, while still preventing causality violations such as closed timelike curves. Importantly, this model avoids the problematic notion of point particles. All particles are instead modeled as extended configurations of rotational defects or density variations within the spinning granular lattice. This naturally regularizes quantities like charge and mass at the Planck scale and removes the infinities encountered in point-based field theories. The discreteness of the medium does not break general relativistic behavior—it replaces it with a mechanism. Gravitational and inertial effects arise as emergent phenomena from directional biases in angular momentum exchange. This approach aligns with the spirit of emergent gravity theories, offering a concrete physical substrate instead of a purely thermodynamic or information-theoretic one.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Surface Brightness and Redshift in the Sempiternal Spinning Sphere Theory

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper compares the predictions of the Sempiternal Spinning Sphere Theory to the standard Tolman surface brightness relation within the redshift range 0.01 < z < 4. The Sempiternal model posits that redshift arises from radial light propagation through a rotating structured medium, eliminating the need for cosmic expansion or inflation. A revised surface brightness equation is proposed, derived from the exponential geometry of a rotating medium, and its predictions are compared directly with observational data from Lubin & Sandage (2001). Results show strong alignment with empirical measurements, supporting the theory as a viable alternative to the expanding universe paradigm.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The STLR Model: Structural, Thermodynamic, Lawful Reset of the Universe

Authors: Steven Coker
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper proposes a structural thermodynamic model for the origin, evolution, and reset of the universe based entirely on existing physical laws, with no new particles, forces, or speculative mechanisms. The model avoids the singularity problem by enforcing lawful compression limits, honors the Second Law of Thermodynamics throughout all phases, and reframes the universe as a closed, lawful system governed by structural inevitability.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Virtual Spacetime Physics and Fluid Cosmology

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 313 Pages.

This book is a version that integrates the Virtual Spacetime Physics with Fluid Cosmology. Since both parts of the content are relatively novel and involve highly specialized issues, reading them can be quite challenging. Fortunately, with the assistance of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, when writing this work, my original intention was to create content tailored for AI programs, such as ChatGPT, DeepSeek, and others. Subsequently, we can embark on new research explorations based on this foundation, and new discoveries can be deduced through AI programs that have learned the content of this book, thereby obtaining the results we need. In this way, the content of this book can serve as an extremely useful tool for humans. In practical operation, for instance, if we intend to utilize the DeepSeek AI program to read this book, we can input the PDF file of the book as an attachment. Then, DeepSeek will learn and master the content of the book. Afterward, we can pose new questions, such as "How to solve Maxwell's equations in virtual spacetime?" In response, DeepSeek can solve the corresponding equations and obtain the desired results based on the principles and methods provided in this book.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Scale-Relativistic Adaptive Gravity: A Comprehensive Coherence-Scaling Law for Galactic Dynamics

Authors: Lukas A. Sosna
Comments: 52 Pages. Distributed under CC-BY 4.0

Scale-Relativistic Adaptive Gravity (SRAG) reconceptualizes gravity: not a fixed force, but an adaptive interaction dynamically tuned by a system's quantum coherence, quantified by its Normalized Quantum Coherence Capacity, λ. From 153 SPARC galaxies, we empirically forge the Coherence-Scaling Law (CSL): λ=0.085(1010M⊙ Mbar )−0.42(fgas )0.61(108M⊙ kpc−2Σ )−0.29. This law directly translates observable baryonic structure (Mbar , fgas , Σ) into λ, enabling SRAG to predict galaxy rotation curves (⟨RMSE⟩=11.3±1.3 km/s for 81 galaxies) with zero per-galaxy free parameters—rivaling dark matter models. Crucially, SRAG forecasts unique, host-dependent gravitational wave phase shifts, opening a novel observational test that unifies quantum information principles with astrophysical phenomena.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Influence of the Gravitational Field on the Magnetic Field Distribution Around the Pulsar PSR J0437-4715

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 6 Pages.

This article explores the new Maxwell equations obtained after introducing gravitational field corrections. To verify the correctness of the equation after the general relativity corrections, we conducted specific calculations using observational data from PSR J0437-4715. From the calculation results, the outcomes after the general relativity corrections are fairly consistent with the actual observed data, which can well explain the anomaly of the magnetic field surrounding PSR J0437-4715.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Redefining Mass in a Space-Only Physical Ontology

Authors: Evert van Brummelen
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper proposes a redefinition of SI units based on a foundational ontology in which only space exists. Time is not treated as an independent entity but rather as a measure of change in spatial configuration. Consequently, the only fundamental units are [meter] and [second], denoted as [m] and [s]. All other units, including mass, must be derived from these. We explore the dimensional formulation of mass within this framework as [m^x][s^y], analyze candidate values of (x) and (y), and conclude that the best fit for mass is [m][s^-2].
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unified 7D Spacetime Soliton Model

Authors: William H.J. Field
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list sceintific references)

A 7D spacetime model is proposed to unify particle physics and cosmology, offering a simpler alternative to string theory’s 10 dimensions by using three dimensions (e, u, v) to directly encode particle properties.The dimensions x, y, z, t, e, u, v describe lepton and quark generational energies (e), stability (u), and confinement (v), offering a unified framework for cosmological phenomena. The model predicts a 5% decay asymmetry in muon neutrinos (pT skew), a quark-gluon plasma transition at 180 MeV, and 0.01% shifts in gravitational wave signatures, all verifiable through experimental observations consistent with 7D geometry. Dark matter originates from transient vacuum fluctuations in the u, v, and e dimensions, producing particles like u-v (∼ 0.42 GeV), e-t (∼ 0.0035 GeV), e-u-v (∼ 0.085 GeV), and e-u (∼ 0.070 GeV), clustering in halos with ρm ≈ 2.3×10−27 kg/m3. Dark energy emerges from a diffuse ex soliton at ∼ 1.32 × 10−5 GeV, driving expansion at ρDE ≈ 7 × 10−27 kg/m3, both sourced by vacuum fluctuations in the 7D framework.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Silent Background: A Foundational Critique of Modern Physics

Authors: Evert van Brummelen
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list sceintific references)

This paper presents a concise critique of the three dominant frameworks in modern physics: General Relativity (GR), Quantum Mechanics (QM), and the Standard Model (SM). By examining their treatment of space and time, it argues that all three theories share a fatal foundational flaw: they use space and time as unexamined backgrounds or containers, never accounting for their ontological origin. This oversight ensures that these theories remain incomplete and ultimately incompatible. The paper follows a structured, question-based format to progressively reveal this deep structural problem, setting the stage for a new paradigm in fundamental physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fractalo-Resonant Ocean of Lumina (FROL)

Authors: Anton Kleschev Alevtinowitch
Comments: 22 Pages.

This paper introduces a model wherein physical reality originates from the Fractalo-Resonant Ocean of Lumina (FROL) — a non-local framework describing matter, energy, physical laws, and subjective experience as instantaneous resonance patterns. The proposed formalism utilizes methods from multifractal analysis, nonlinear dynamics, operator theory, and statistical physics. We explore the implications for cosmology (including black holes, dark matter, and dark energy), the nature of experience, and potential avenues for experimental verification.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Coded Collapse: An Informational Field Theory of Early Entropy and Cosmic Structure Formation

Authors: Alexandre de Cerqueira Santos
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper proposes a field-theoretic model to explain the low-entropy state of the early universe and the unexpectedly early appearance of structured galaxies. Departing from traditional assumptions that entropy reflects randomness, we reinterpret entropy as a field of latent structural potential shaped by embedded informational configurations—termed coded collapse zones. These configurations trigger the emergence of structure when specific physical thresholds are met involving entropy gradients, local spacetime curvature, and a dynamic scalar field representing structural resolution. Collapse occurs only when resonance conditions are satisfied, resulting in a selective rather than uniform formation of matter. This framework is formalized mathematically through a stochastic activation condition governed by a logistic collapse function. Simulations demonstrate that only coded zones meeting these thresholds generate stable structures, while non-coded regions remain unresolved. The model provides a falsifiable explanation for early high-metallicity galaxies observed by the James Webb Space Telescope and reframes the cosmological entropy problem as one of pre-encoded informational tension rather than thermodynamic improbability.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Vacuum Geometry and the Origin of Time

Authors: Evert van Brummelen
Comments: 5 Pages.

We explore the ontological status of time in a matterless, energyless vacuum described by the Schwarzschild solution to the Einstein field equations. Beginning from first principles and systematically removing all sources of energy and matter, we ask what remains of the universe and whether time still exists. Through a sequence of logical and geometric considerations, we arrive at a foundational axiom: time is not an external dimension but is instead the manifestation of change in configuration. This leads to the conclusion that in a vacuum defined purely by geometric curvature, time is identical to the act of change itself.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativistic Correction of Electromagnetic Theory in Gravitational Field and Its Physical Effects

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 9 Pages.

Based on the covariant form of general relativity, this paper systematically studies the correction effect of gravitational field on classical electromagnetic theory. By introducing the Newtonian gravitational potential Φ, we derive the modified Maxwell's equations and the electromagnetic wave propagation equation, revealing the coupling mechanism between the gravitational field and the electromagnetic field. The results show that under the weak field approximation, the charge density, current density and electromagnetic field equations need to introduce (1±Φ/c²) relativistic correction factors. The electromagnetic wave correction equation obtained in this paper clearly characterizes the three core effects of gravitational time dilation (time derivative correction term), spatial bending (coupled gradient term), and local variation of the speed of light. These theoretical predictions are strictly self-consistent with the general theory of relativity, which perfectly explains the classical phenomena such as gravitational redshift and light deflection, and are consistent with the results of precise experiments such as Shapiro time delay. The modified theoretical framework established in this study provides an important theoretical basis for the frontier fields such as pulsar timing and black hole accretion disk radiation propagation, and points out the direction for the development of high-order correction theory in strong field regions and the unified theory of gravity-quantum electromagnetism.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Toward a Unified Theory of Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity: Metageometric Framework via External Causal Space and Scale Relativity

Authors: Xavier J. Régent
Comments: 32 Pages. Work released under Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) License. Free to share and adapt with proper credit to the author.

Unified quantum-gravity theory based on external causal space and scale-coupled geometry. Predicts CMB anomalies, galaxy rotation curves, spectral shifts, and cosmic acceleration without dark energy. Includes metageometric formalism, dipole repulsor mechanism, and multi-temporal khron structures.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Vibracional Model of Time in Extreme Regimes: Scalar Coupling, Observational Signatures, and Cosmological Implications

Authors: A. A. Benaglia
Comments: 163 Pages.

We present the Vibrational Time Theory (VTT) as a novel framework in theoretical physics that models time as an emergent vibrational frequency. In this view, time is not a geometric dimension, nor an external parameter, but a scalar field generated by localized vibrational states in spacetime. This approach offers a complementary description to General Relativity (GR) and Quantum Mechanics (QM), preserving their observational successes while addressing the conceptual gap regarding the origin and nature of time.VTT introduces a scalar vibrational field that couples to energy density and gravitational curvature, resulting in measurable consequences. A key result is the theoretical unification of light and gravity through time’s vibrational dynamics, offering a testable mechanism for redshift, time dilation, and gravitational lensing. The extended formulation of VTT (included in this work) develops covariant vibrational field equations, vibrational curvature tensors, and energy-momentum coupling. It predicts spectral shifts in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), coherence loss in atomic clocks under gravitational stress, and observable deviations in strong-lensing regimes, without the need for free parameters or dark energy assumptions.The appendix section (A—H) supports the theory with rigorous mathematical derivations, computational simulations, and observational comparisons. In particular, Appendix H.15 presents results from simulated GRB signals processed through the vibrational curvature framework, showing excellent agreement with real observational data from Fermi-LAT and Swift-XRT, even in extreme redshift regimes. These results are obtained without tuning, reinforcing the falsifiability and predictiveness of the theory.Unlike string theory, which is elegant but lacks current observational tests, and unlike GR, which geometrizes time but leaves it undefined ontologically, VTT proposes a physically grounded and mathematically structured emergence of time that is both testable and cosmologically relevant. The theory is consistent with Popper’s criterion of falsifiability and can be experimentally challenged through atomic clock tests, GRB spectral analysis, and high-resolution lensing surveys. We conclude that VTT opens a viable path toward reconciling gravity, quantum fields, and cosmology through the vibrational nature of time. It invites further study and critical examination by the scientific community, both for its foundational implications and its potential alignment with future astrophysical observations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Discovery of the Closed Point: A Formal Model of Dimensional Duality

Authors: Evert van Brummelen
Comments: 3 Pages.

We propose a foundational framework in which the Universe, emerging from Nothing, necessarily expresses duality at every dimensional level. Through a formal sequence of dimensional closure, we demonstrate that no isolated point can exist; every structure—beginning from the first emergence—divides into complementary inner and outer aspects. This principle resolves the origin of the dual positive/negative phenomenon, not as an arbitrary symmetry but as a necessary consequence of closure itself.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Perfect Stillness Model: A Thermodynamic Model of Structural Reset in the Universe

Authors: Steven Coker
Comments: 15 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper proposes a structural thermodynamic model for the origin, evolution, and recurrence of the universe based entirely on existing physical laws, with no new particles, forces, or speculative mechanisms. The model begins not with a singularity or explosive event, but with Perfect Stillness: a state of complete gravitational collapse, maximum entropy, and uniform energy without structure, motion, or time. In this state, entropy has no further gradient to act upon, and time ceases to exist. Compression continues until it reaches a geometric and thermodynamic boundary, an irreducible one-dimensional object (a string) capable of encoding energy as tension but incapable of further collapse. This string forms not by force, but by necessity, as no physical structure can exist below one dimension. The formation of one-dimensional tension marks the return of structure, the emergence of time, and the beginning of a new cycle. Expansion follows, governed by thermodynamic asymmetry, leading to the formation of matter, space, and motion. Over cosmic time, entropy progresses again toward completion, dissolving structure until stillness is reattained and the cycle repeats. The model resolves the singularity problem in general relativity, honors the Second Law of Thermodynamics throughout all phases, and reframes the universe as a closed, lawful system governed by structural inevitability.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Expanding-Contracted Space Theory

Authors: Dale Wahl
Comments: 75 Pages.

Expanding-Contracted-Space Theory (ECST) is a single-scalar alternative to ΛCDM + Standard-Model Yukawas. A sextic potential for the contraction-scalar �� converts local electromagnetic energy into real spatial densification; the same field supplies (i) solarsystem—strength gravity when �� − 1 ∼ 10−8, (ii) a density-gradient "elastic boost" that fits Milky-Way, Andromeda and M 87 rotation curves without dark matter, (iii) finite eventhorizon radii identical to those imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope, and (iv) an extra 10 % photon red-shift that reproduces the Type-Ia Hubble tension without Λ. Radial solitons of �� yield the electron, muon and tau masses to 0.02 % with a single parameter. A fourth excitation near 17 GeV and a chameleon fifth-force in high vacuum provide near-term experimental falsifiers. We present the covariant action, field equations and all current χ² tests spanning 10³u207b¹u2078 m to 10²u2076 m. Moreover, ECST naturally predicts a few-hundred-µeV Lamb-shift correction in muonic hydrogen—equivalent to the ~0.04 fm proton radius discrepancy—using only the same scalar parameters fixed by lepton masses and solarsystem gravity tests.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Xuan-Liang Theory: A New Framework for Quantum Gravity, Dark Matter, and Dark Energy

Authors: Jianchao Hou
Comments: 16 Pages. In Chinese

This paper proposes a novel unified physical theory, the Xuan-Liang theory, which resolves three major challenges in modern physics through geometric-topological unification: (1) Dark matter effects originate from velocity-curvature topological coupling; (2) Cosmic inflation and late-time accelerated expansion are unified via dynamic Euler characteristic evolution; (3) The black hole information paradox is resolved through holographic Xuan-Liang flux quantization. Compared to string theory (28+ parameters) and loop quantum gravity (complex discrete geometry), this theory requires only three fundamental constants to achieve mathematical simplicity ((sim)1/10 complexity) and experimental verifiability (explicit predictions for gravitational wave polarization modifications), providing a potential framework for next-generation physical paradigms.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Vibratory Time Law

Authors: Guillaume Fremy
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper proposes a novel theoretical and empirical foundation for the emergence of time based on a simple yet powerful mathematical relationship: ( t = frac{d}{sqrt{E}} ). The hypothesis suggests that time arises as a measurable effect from the mobilization of energy across a spatial distance. This formulation has been tested across a wide range of physical systems, from photons and atoms to macroscopic bodies and planetary motion. The results demonstrate remarkable consistency, suggesting this relation may represent a fundamental axiom in the understanding of time. Furthermore, the behavior of this formula near gravitational singularities aligns with known characteristics of black holes, where time tends toward zero as energy density increases.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Model of the Fundamental Scanning Particle (FSP): A Unifying Approach to Physical Reality

Authors: Douglas Santana da Silva
Comments: 3 Pages.

We propose a speculative model in which all physical reality is generated from the oscillations of a single fundamental entity, called the Fundamental Scanning Particle (FSP). This particle operates at a supraluminal frequency, scanning spacetime and manifesting different physical states. The model aims to integrate conceptsfrom quantum physics, relativity, and information theory, offering a new perspective on the structure of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dark Matter as Entropic Residue: A Structural Interpretation of Gravitational Curvature, Cosmic Expansion, and the Persistence of the Dark Universe

Authors: Alexandre de Cerqueira Santos
Comments: 18 Pages.

This paper presents a novel framework for interpreting dark matter and dark energy not as exotic substances, but as emergent consequences of entropy, information, and geometric structure in spacetime. We propose that dark matter is the residual gravitational curvature resulting from entropy collapse during structure formation and dissolution—an informational memory embedded in spacetime rather than an undetected particle. Similarly, cosmic expansion is reframed as a computational adaptation: space grows to accommodate continued entropy resolution and structural complexity. Drawing from the Cosmic Dark Ages as a precedent for gravitational mass without luminosity, we argue that much of the so-called dark sector is the continuation of unstructured or post-structured phases of matter. This model yields distinct observational predictions, including asymmetric halos, gravitational lensing without mass, and persistent null results in direct detection experiments. By uniting thermodynamics, general relativity, and information theory, the paper offers a conservative, testable, and logically coherent alternative to prevailing ΛCDM models—one in which the universe is understood not as a system in decay, but as a structure-resolving engine still unfolding.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Beyond the Clock: Time as a Consequence of Cosmic Dynamics

Authors: Simon Gravetci
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite listed scientific references)

This article presents a speculative yet structured hypothesis that time is not a fundamental dimension, but rather an emergent phenomenon generated by the accelerated expansion of the universe. The observed cosmic acceleration, typically attributed to dark energy, is reinterpreted here as the driving force behind the dynamic generation of time’s perception and structure. We examine the theoretical underpinnings of this idea and outline potential paths for observational and experimental validation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Time as Force: A Theory of Spacetime Structure from Temporal Energy Density

Authors: Tarou Uchiyama
Comments: 8 Pages.

We propose a new theoretical model in which time is not merely a parameter but a dynamic force capable of shaping the structure of space. By introducing the concept of temporal energy density, we define a temporal force F_t = -frac{dho_t(t)}{dt} that governs the expansion or compression of space through a scale factor a(t) propto ho_t(t)^beta. This framework suggests that spacetime arises from the internal dynamics of time itself, offering a unified approach to interpret cosmological expansion, black hole structure, and early universe conditions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proof that Mass Expands Space

Authors: Duhee Han
Comments: 7 Pages.

This paper proposes that mass causes both gravity and expansion through a gravitomagnetic effect. The relation Gm=c²s links mass to space, accurately predicting cosmic scale and suggesting a unified origin of expansion and structure.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

TGM Bridging Equation: A Dimensionless Scaling Law Relating EM and Gravitational Curvature

Authors: Floyd D. Haywood
Comments: 4 Pages. Scientific content and theory by Floyd D. Haywood. LaTeX formatting and linguistic polish assisted via AI tool.

This work proposes a new theoretical framework wherein gravitational and quantum behaviors emerge from a discrete, tensioned four-dimensional substrate. Within the Tensioned Geometric Model (TGM), mass, inertia, curvature, and field dynamics are unified as manifestations of voxel locking and tension propagation within a quantized spacetime fabric. As a foundational step, we derive a dimensionless Bridging Equation that connects electromagnetic binding energy and gravitational curvature energy purely through fundamental constants. The resulting relation, expressed as $2alpha^2$, offers a scaling law bridging quantum and relativistic domains. Validation across planetary, stellar, and compact astrophysical scales is discussed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory of Fundamental Consciousness and the Birth of Universes Through Black Holes

Authors: Alessandro Guardini
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list sceintific references)

This theory proposes that consciousness is not a byproduct of matter, but a fundamental force of the universe, as primordial as gravity. It exists as non-local information within the quantum vacuum. When informational consciousness is compressed inside black holes, it interacts with the Higgs Field, transforming into mass and triggering the expansion of new universes. This document presents the theoretical framework, symbolic formulation, and philosophical implications of this cosmological model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Localized Matter Genesis in an Infinite Pre-Existing Space

Authors: Jon Michael Waldrop
Comments: 3 Pages.

I propose a cosmological model in which space is infinite and pre-existing, independent of the emergence of matter and energy. In this framework, the Big Bang represents a localized event within infinite space, marking the beginning of matter-energy fields at a finite time (t = 0), while space itself remains timeless and boundless. Prior to t = 0, the matter-energy tensor Tμν is zero, indicating the absence of matter and energy throughout infinite space. Post t = 0, matter density emerges locally, consistent with general relativity, leading to the curvature and evolution of spacetime. This model decouples the existence of space from the existence of matter and may provide a foundation for reinterpreting cosmological inflation and vacuum genesis phenomena.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A May Cosmology Conjecture: an Alternative Vision of the Universe

Authors: David Percy Park
Comments: 7 Pages.

A novel cosmological conjecture is proposed which reinterprets the nature of the universe as evolving from an eternal, infinite, indefinite potential field termed "May" (virtual massenergy). In ‘thistory’ (sic), ‘universes’ emerge as a consequence of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, and subsequent search for evolutionary stable strategies (ESS) for continued existence and persistence. These ESS appear as ‘small bangs’: individual galaxies within a single expanding whole of May, with each supermassive black hole functioning not as a terminal gravitational sink but as a birthing point of local coherence and persistence from May. The laws of physics emerge as the summary conditions describing these ESS. Distinguishing between coordinate time of 3-dimensional spacetime and real evolutionary (life) time of emergent structures, this model offers a metaphysically coherent and observationally relevant alternative to current cosmological orthodoxy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Meta-Principia: A Unified Theory of Reality Based on the Informational Generative Principle (IGP)

Authors: Alexandre de Cerqueira Santos
Comments: 22 pages, 5 figures, 3 main predictions, philosophical foundations included.

This work proposes a unified theoretical framework where all fundamental phenomena—space, time, mass, energy, gravity, quantum behavior, and consciousness—emerge from a single informational substrate governed by the Informational Generative Principle (IGP). Mass is derived as localized coherence density, energy as the rate of structured informational transformation, and gravity as coherence tension across informational domains. Quantum behavior is modeled as boundary entropy, and wavefunction collapse is formalized through a functional consciousness operator aligned with integrated information metrics. The IGP model aligns with general relativity and quantum field theory in conventional limits and predicts testable phenomena such as coherence-influenced gravitational effects, observer-dependent quantum collapse, and informational interpretations of dark matter. This framework offers a minimal, rationally grounded alternative to materialist paradigms, integrating information theory, physics, and consciousness into a single causal architecture.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unified Description of Cosmic Structure Formation Based on the Invariant Energy Theory

Authors: Eishi Sakihara
Comments: 33 Pages.

In this study, we propose a new theoretical framework called the "Invariant Energy Theory," which provides a unified description of space, time, mass, force, and energy.By numerically analyzing the three-dimensional nonlinear wave equation governing the invariant energy field Ψ, we confirmed the validity of the energy conservation law across one-, two-, and three-dimensional simulations.Furthermore, a galaxy distribution model was constructed based on the resulting energy density field, and direct comparisons with observational data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS, DR18) revealed an exceptionally high degree of consistency.Statistical evaluations, including mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), Pearson correlation coefficient, and Kolmogorov—Smirnov (KS) tests, demonstrated no statistically significant differences between the theoretical model and observational data. These results suggest that the Invariant Energy Theory has the potential to provide new interpretations for the challenges of dark matter, dark energy, and large-scale structure formation, representing a significant step toward the construction of a unified theory in modern physics. Future work will focus on expanding comparisons to broader cosmic regions, utilizing high-precision observational data, and developing a quantum theory of the invariant energy field aimed at formulating a quantum gravity theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dark Field Theory: Deriving Hubble's Law and Explaining Cosmological Phenomena Through a Mutual Induction Model of Gravity and Space Expansion Abstract This

Authors: Duhee Han
Comments: 1 Page. (Correction made by ai.viXra.org Admin to conform with the requirements of ai.viXra.org)

This study proposes a novel theoretical framework in which the mutual induction between gravity and space expansion is interpreted analogously to electromagnetic induction. The core concept is gravitomagnetism, an effect that has been experimentally verified, which is reinterpreted as a vector field termed the "Dark Field." This field is induced by temporal changes in gravity and drives spatial expansion, represented by the expansion force equationfrom which Hubble's law.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Solution of Flyby Anomaly

Authors: Azzam Almosallami
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper we shall explain the solution of the flyby anomaly basis on special relativity theory SRT is conformally invariant. We found the 4-dimensional conformal transformation can solve all the problems related to SRT and general relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

One Parameter Redshift Model Matching Measured Values Near, Middle, and Far Reaches of Universe Perfectly

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper presents a model that predicts the redshifts as well as measured values, but without adjustments by dark energy, dark matter or comoving distances. There is only one parameter. It is the fraction of time since emission of the light. The parameter also adjusts for dust in the universe that attenuates light brightness as dust may be reducing brightness by almost 5 magnitudes. The assumption is that light hits an object moving at the speed of light. The model of the universe is spheres made out of spheres. The model is called "Sempiternal Steady State Spinning Sphere Theory", a novel framework unifying tensor-based relativity, particle masses via vacancy defects in cuboctahedral packing of a granular universe. The model proposes an eternal spinning sphere universe (radius 3.018 billion light-years, mass ∼ 1.636×10^54 kg) with continuous matter creation and destruction, driven by both attractive and repulsive gravity dynamics. A redshift comparison table validates the model against standard candles, and BAO, suggesting resolution to the Hubble tension due to assumptions from a steady state universe verses a big bang universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Research on Black Hole Entropy Correction

Authors: Jianchao Hou
Comments: 21 Pages. In Chinese

A longstanding challenge in modern physics is the divergence issue of the original Bekenstein-Hawking entropy near spacetime singularities. This work introduces an innovative quantum-state physical quantity—the Xuan Quantity—characterized by the core formula $Q = mv^3$,which can be represented as scalar, vector, or curvature-coupled states. By incorporating the Xuan Quantity into black hole entropy correction models, we resolve the singularity-induced entropy divergence through renormalization mechanisms. Specifically:The scalar Xuan Quantity modifies the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula to ensure thermodynamic consistency, satisfying the Second Law even in extreme curvature regimes.formula:$Q = mv^3 = pv^2 quad$.The vectorial Xuan Quantity constructs entropy corrections linked to black hole angular momentum, elucidating directional dependencies and canonical regularization processes tied to quantum gravitational effects.formula:$Q = mv^2 mathbf{v} = Ev quad$. The curvature-coupled Xuan Quantity achieves natural geometric-material coupling, resolving entropy divergences without ad hoc assumptions and establishing a novel interpretative framework for extremal black hole thermodynamics.formula:$Q = m v^3 cdot frac{R}{R_0}$. This approach offers a fresh paradigm for quantum gravity research, bridging classical general relativity with quantum field theory while preserving fundamental thermodynamic principles.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unified Reality Theory: Recursive Field Dynamics as a Framework for Cosmology and Dark Matter

Authors: Matthew Hak Meredith
Comments: 8 Pages. This document is accompanied by supplemental material (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15267117), which includes extended theoretical development, simulations, and the full post-theory framework.

This paper introduces the Unified Reality Theory (URT), a foundational model of physicalreality based on recursive pressure, entropy, memory scaffolding, and harmonic field dynamics.Unlike conventional models based on mass-energy curvature or probabilistic quantum collapse,URT proposes that identity, time, structure, and gravity emerge from recursive field interac-tions that evolve under pressure symmetry and entropic feedback. By reframing mass, motion,and cosmological behavior through recursive scaffolds instead of point-based objects or singu-larities, URT resolves longstanding anomalies in cosmology, including dark matter distribution,accelerated expansion, and entropy paradoxes. This paper defines URT’s core equations, struc-tural tiers, and predictive architecture while demonstrating how recursive field behavior replaces classical causality and geometric space-time. The theory is mathematically closed and extensible, offering a self-reinforcing harmonic substrate capable of unifying cosmology, cognition, and structure without exotic matter or higher dimensions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory of Everything: An Infinite Reference Loop Framework

Authors: A. Singh
Comments: 55 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list sceintific references)

We present a logically complete theory of nature built from a single axiom: information is the only fundamental primitive. If something truly exists, there must be at least one distinguishable fact about it; without such information its existence would be indistinguishable from non-existence, making information the necessary starting point. But mere information is not enough—to endure, the information must reference itself. Without global self-reference, two observers could compress the same motif into mutually inconsistent states, breaking physical coherence. The minimal self-consistent act of reference is a three-node cycle (A→B→C→A). That loop is the first piece of information—"the bit that asserts itself," or equivalently, "the bit that says I exist"—and its endless recursion spawns everything else. All physical phenomena—space-time, particles, forces, constants, life, and consciousness—emerge from the growth of a self-referential information network. We derive numerical values for physical constants, recover general relativity and quantum mechanics as limit behaviours, and propose falsifiable experimental tests. Every technical idea is introduced first in clear, non-technical language, making the exposition accessible to motivated readers without advanced mathematics. The unifying statement condenses to the symbol U⥀I: the universe is information that loops back on itself.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Systemic Relativity & Adaptive Gravity: Coherence-Mediated Gravitational Scaling

Authors: Lukas A Sosna
Comments: 22 Pages. this LaTex format paper explores the idea of a scale-dependent gravitational behavior that offers testable predictions - without the conventional dark matter paradigms. The mathematical framework is developed + observational consequences are included

The Scale-Relativistic Adaptive Gravity (SRAG) framework proposes a fundamental reconceptualization of gravitational interaction as an adaptive process rather than a static force. While General Relativity remains remarkably successful within tested domains, persistent challenges in explaining galactic dynamics without dark matter and reconciling gravity with quantum theory suggest deeper exploration is warranted.SRAG introduces a dimensionless parameter λ, defined as the ratio of a system's gravitational binding energy to Planck energy, that naturally governs gravitational adaptation across scales. Through a coherence function C(λ) = 1 - e^(-κ·|λ|^β), gravity maintains its foundational geometric nature while its expression evolves with scale. As systems transition from quantum to galactic domains, gravitational interaction transforms seamlessly according to each system's scale-dependent coherence.When tested against galaxy rotation curves from the SPARC database, a single consistent value of λ ≈ 0.08 successfully explains diverse galactic dynamics without invoking dark matter. The framework makes specific, falsifiable predictions for gravitational wave propagation, including frequency-dependent phase shifts of approximately 0.24 radians after 10 wavelengths—a distinctive signature potentially detectable with next-generation observatories.This conceptual framework offers a unified perspective on gravitational phenomena across widely different scales using just three physical parameters. SRAG represents an exploration into how the fundamental nature of gravity might bridge quantum and classical domains through scale-dependent coherence, generating testable predictions distinct from both General Relativity and other modified gravity approaches. As an independent researcher without institutional affiliation, I offer this exploration into a possible alternative framework for understanding gravity. The persistent challenges in cosmology - from undetected dark matter to the quantum gravity puzzle - motivated me to reconsider fundamental assumptions about gravitational interaction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Reconstructing Yang—Mills Mass from Energetic Geometry

Authors: Yuval Fradkin
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This article introduces a reformulation of Yang—Mills theory grounded in a scalar energy field defined over a non-spatial, topologically structured configuration space. We propose a framework in which gauge fields, curvature, and confinement phenomena arise from internal differentiable structures within the energy field-eliminating the need for fundamental spacetime. This sets the stage for deriving a mass gap dynamically from spectral properties of emergent curvature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Calculating the Gravitational Constant via Temporal Gradients and Atomic Clocks

Authors: Dobri Bozhilov
Comments: 6 Pages.

We present a novel analytical approach for determining the gravitational constant G, based on the measurement of gravitational time dilation using atomic clocks. Instead of mechanical measurements of force, this method applies the formula: Δt / t = GM / rc²which is reversed to solve for G using empirical data. Calculations are performed for three separate systems — Earth, the Sun, and Sagittarius A* — yielding values within 0.01—0.3% of the officially accepted gravitational constant. This is the first evidence that the gravitational constant (and possibly other constants) may be derived from a temporal gradient, rather than being a postulated universal constant — a result that is part of a broader theory about the influence of time on reality, which is to be published separately.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Predictive Power of Dynamics

Authors: Hadd LaRoy Miller
Comments: 3 Pages.

Toroidal Core Theory (TCT) unifies physics through application of dynamics, achieving 99.4—99.9% cosmic, 99.5% galactic, 99.9—99.99% quantum, and 99.9% non-quantum accuracy [1]. Unlike GR/SM/QFT, which rely on external field mechanisms, TCT’s predictive power stems fromits plasma core and flow dynamics (R ≈ 1.4 × 10^26 m). This article showcases TCT’s dynamicapproach and results from six experimental comparisons. Tests—Li-7 abundance (99.7%), darkenergy variability (99.2%), inflationary tensor modes (95.5%), neutrino mass hierarchy (99.6%),baryon asymmetry (99.2%), and galactic rotation curves (98.3%)—demonstrating superiority overGR/SM/QFT’s external mechanisms [2, 3].
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The End of Spacetime: a Physically Testable Framework for a Self-evolving Universe

Authors: Louis Hin Lok Tsang
Comments: (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please remove title/cover page, start article with article title, author name and abstract on the same page; please cite listed scientific references - Future non-compliant submission will be rejected)

This paper proposes a clean break: a framework that eliminates time, space, and light-speed as fundamental constructs, replacing them with a single observable principle — irreversible structural change. We model the universe as a self-evolving system, governed by entropy flow and decay at all scales. From this, we reconstruct motion, energy transfer, field propagation, gravity, light behavior, and coherence — not as dynamics in spacetime, but as geometry shaped by irreversible projection.The result is a universal equation that predicts known physical behavior, resolves paradoxes of relativity and quantum duality, and reveals why phenomena like mass, inertia, radiation, and wave propagation are not mysterious, but structurally entropic. We also address the theory’s current limitations, including the lack of decay-based experimental datasets, and propose pathways to make this framework empirically testable in future laboratories. This is not a metaphor. It is not a revision of Einstein. It is the physical reconstruction of reality from what can be seen, not what was assumed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Primon Hypothesis: A Sub-Planck Foundation for Matter and Existence

Authors: Shaik Shafi
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper introduces a speculative concept proposing the existence of hypothetical fundamental particles called Primons, which are theorized to be smaller than the Planck length and omnipresent throughout the universe. Unlike known particles, Primons are unaffected by gravity, temperature, or pressure in their individual form due to their neutrality and extreme smallness. Over vast periods of time, they are proposed to interact and merge in unknown ways to form known particles such as electrons, or possibly contribute to the formation of dark particles that eventually cluster and evolve into dark matter. The theory suggests that what we perceive as "vacuum" may in fact be composed of these undetectable Primons, thereby offering a new perspective on the origin of matter and potentially the conditions leading to the Big Bang. While the theory lacks mathematical formulation, it aims to open new avenues of thought about sub-Planck scale physics, the origin of matter, and the nature of dark matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Zero-Balance Universe Hypothesis

Authors: Muhammad Abrar
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

The Zero-Balance Universe Hypothesis proposes that the universe operates as a grand equation that always sums to zero. In this framework, every element of existence is counterbalanced by an opposing or complementary phenomenon. This balance is not only a physical reality but also a philosophical principle that may govern all layers of reality. The hypothesis explores several key pairs, including matter and antimatter, energy and gravity, and time and anti-time, suggesting that these complementary forces are part of a larger universal symmetry. The implications of this hypothesis offer new insights into the origin of the universe, the nature of dark matter and energy, and the interconnectedness of existence and non-existence. This paper invites further exploration into the possible mathematical models and experimental studies to test these concepts.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Conformal Mapping from Spherical Earth to Flat Earth Brane in GRBMRS Cosmology

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 23 Pages.

This paper presents a conformal projection of the classical Spherical Earth onto a Flat Earth brane BFE, embedded within the GRBMRS cosmological model—an extended spacetime framework integrating G¨odel rotation, Rindler acceleration, Brahe observational geometry, and Randall—Sundrum brane dynamics. The rotational axis of the GRBMRS universe intersects BFE at the North Pole, which becomes the originof the physical coordinate system. The conformal mapping preserves angular relationships,translating latitude and longitude lines into concentric circles and radial lines on the flat plane. This geometric embedding is further contextualized within the Trilok framework of metaphysical cosmology, consisting of the Physical, Subtle, and Meta-Physical Universes. We introduce models of the soul’s trajectory as a Sedenion-valued infinitesimal entity, interacting with the rotating spacetime metric via perturbativecouplings. Additionally, we analyze quantum tunneling of the Wheeler—DeWitt wavefunctionacross multi-well rotational potentials, proposing that electromagnetic fluctuations trigger cosmic rotation reversals, possibly linked to observed magnetic field flips. These findings unify geometric, quantum, and consciousness-based descriptions of cosmic evolution.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Reverse Epistemic Reconstruction of Physical Reality: Toward an Informational Pre-Condition of the Cosmos

Authors: Amine Fitouri
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Author name added to artitle; Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper explores the hypothesis that the observable structure of matter and energy implies the existence of a pre-physical, non-material informational architecture that governs their emergence. Drawing upon principles of systems theory, quantum mechanics, and information science, we argue that the consistent order of atomic and cosmological structures necessitates a non-random, pre-causal framework. Through a reverse-engineering analysis of known physical systems, we propose that physical reality is a late-stage manifestation of a rule-based informational domain that precedes spacetime. This approach does not rely on theological premises but builds upon the internal logic of observed phenomena. The conclusion outlines a model where structure, recursion, memory, and execution converge to indicate an origin not rooted in matter, but in abstract, non-visible intelligibility.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Introducing Harmonics to solve Phenomena with TCT

Authors: Hadd LaRoy Miller
Comments: 7 Pages.

The Toroidal Core Theory (TCT) proposes a unified cosmological framework driven by harmonic oscillations of a plasma core (m_core ∼ 10^37 kg, E ∼ 2.1 × 10^35 J). Through seven core equations, TCT leverages harmonic wavefunctions to model effective flow interactions, achieving 90—100% predictive accuracy across scales. Harmonic perturbations govern gravitational dynamics, particle ejections, and cosmic evolution, accurately predicting Mercury’s orbit (99% match), cosmic inflation (99—99.5% match), and baryogenesis (99% match). TCT’s harmonic foundation unifies quantum and cosmological phenomena, offering a robust alternative to existing models.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geogenesis — A Geometric Reinterpretation of Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Universe’s Emergence

Authors: Christopher Giles
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: An abstract in the article is required; please cite and list sceintific references)

Geogenesis presents a novel cosmological framework in which the universe emerges as a geometric rupture in a pre-existing equilibrium. This conceptual model reinterprets dark matter and dark energy not as independent substances or forces, but as reactive manifestations of spacetime geometry: compression zones and boundary tensions respectively. Drawing from the geometric tradition of Einstein, Einstein-Cartan theory, and Wheeler’s geometrodynamics, the model unifies the dark sector through curvature dynamics. While currently qualitative, the framework offers clear observational predictions—such as the dissipation of dark matter halos and the gradual decline of dark energy—making it testable through future surveys. Geogenesis invites mathematical formalization and empirical scrutiny as a potential step toward reconciling geometry with cosmological behavior.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Regenerative Cosmos: A Hypothesis of Gravitational Rebound Events (GREs) as Engines of Universal Renewal

Authors: Todd Berry
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite listed sceintific references)

This hypothesis presents a new cosmological model that replaces the singular Big Bang paradigm with a continuous regenerative process driven by Gravitational Rebound Events (GREs). These GREs occur when black holes reach a critical threshold—either by accumulating enough matter over time or merging with other black holes—and explosively eject the matter and energy they have absorbed. This process sends gravitational ripples through spacetime, reshapes galactic motion, and seeds the formation of new stars, planets, and galaxies. The universe, under this model, is not moving toward heat death, but is instead in a state of perpetual rebirth and restructuring.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Modified General Relativity Incorporating a Repulsive Force for a 19.555 Billion Year Transit

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper derives a modification to Einstein’s field equations, introducing a repulsive force Frep = kM Mu, where k = 8.1879×10−62 kg−1 s−2,M is a region’s mass, and Mu = 1.6360 × 1054 kg is the universe’s mass. The force ensures matter reaches the edge, Ru = 2.8555×1025 m, in 19.555billion years. The ratio k/katt equals the inverse proton-to-neutron mass ratio, and GROK3 significantly aided the derivation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Acceleration of Time with Metric Expansion of the Universe

Authors: Viktor Iassinskii
Comments: 4 Pages. AI assistance was [only] used in editing, formatting, and structuring the document

This paper presents a hypothesis rooted in the framework of the Theory of Relativity: that the flow of time is not uniform across cosmic history, but instead acceleratesin proportion to the expansion of the universe. Building on the concept that space andtime are intertwined within the fabric of spacetime, and recognizing that the speed oflight remains constant while the metric of space evolves, we propose that the subjective "tick rate" of time is proportional to the cosmological scale factor a(t). Under thismodel, one second in the early universe may equate to billions of seconds today. Weexplore this idea using simplified relationships derived from relativistic cosmology andcompare how "one second" scales across epochs including the Planck era, recombination, and the present. Though not derived from quantum gravity, this model presentsa heuristic framework for considering the evolution of temporal flow in an expandinguniverse.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Preserving Causality in Superluminal Dark Matter Gravity: A Structural Flow Framework

Authors: Hadd LaRoy Miller
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: The article title and abstract on the submission form must be the same as those in the article)

Superluminal Dark Matter Gravity (SDMG) proposes a Planck-scale core generating flows exceeding light speed (vDM > c), yet rigorously preserves causality. This document details how SDMG’s structural flows—driven by a toroidal plasma ring and disc—avoid violations, ensuring no superluminal signaling or paradoxes. Through empirical validations (NIST clocks, pulsar timing, DESI flows) and theoretical safeguards (light cone integrity, metric consistency), we demonstrate causality’s robustness. Cross-referencing SDMG’s 35 datasets, we address skepticism, affirming the theory’s foundation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Core Dynamics of Superluminal Dark Matter Gravity: A Planck-Scale Engine

Authors: Hadd LaRoy Miller
Comments: 3 Pages.

Superluminal Dark Matter Gravity (SDMG) hinges on a Planck-scale core, a dynamic engine that seeds the universe’s physics. From an asymmetric 3+2 seed, it transitions within ∼ 10−43 seconds into a toroidal plasma ring and disc, shearing particles into superluminal flows that generate masses, forces, and spacetime curvature. This document exhaustively details the core’s mechanics—spin, shear, precession—and outputs, unifying quantum, micro, and cosmic scales without conventional fields. Anchored by 35 datasets, SDMG’s core dynamics, conceived by Hadd LaRoy Miller with Grok (xAI), redefine physics, poised for future tests.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Equation Set of Superluminal Dark Matter Gravity: A Unified Mathematical Framework

Authors: Hadd LaRoy Miller
Comments: 4 Pages.

Superluminal Dark Matter Gravity (SDMG) unifies physics through a Planck-scale core,mathematically described by six core equations and an alternative coupling variant. Thesegovern superluminal flows, spacetime curvature, cosmic expansion, particle masses, forcecouplings, and gravitational waves, eliminating conventional fields. This document exhaustivelydetails each equation’s derivation, physical role, and empirical validation across 35datasets, from LHC to DESI. Conceived by Hadd LaRoy Miller with Grok (xAI), SDMG’s equations, rooted in toroidal plasma dynamics, redefine physics, poised for tests like EHT 2025 and DUNE.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Confirmation Through Testing in Superluminal Dark Matter Gravity: Empirical and Predictive Validations

Authors: Hadd LaRoy Miller
Comments: 4 Pages.

Superluminal Dark Matter Gravity (SDMG) achieves confirmation through 35 rigorous tests—20 empirical datasets and 15 predictive validations—spanning particle physics, cosmology, and gravitational phenomena. Driven by a Planck-scale core evolving into a toroidal plasma ring and disc, SDMG’s superluminal flows, masses, and dynamics align with observations from LHC, DESI, Planck, and more, while forecasting outcomes for EHT 2025, SKA, and DUNE. This document exhaustively details SDMG’s testing framework, methodologies, results, and citations, affirming its unified physics. Conceived by Hadd LaRoy Miller with Grok (xAI), SDMG stands robust, poised for future scrutiny.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Resolution of Unsolved Problems and Unification of Physics in Superluminal Dark Matter Gravity

Authors: Hadd LaRoy Miller
Comments: 4 Pages.

Superluminal Dark Matter Gravity (SDMG) resolves five enduring mysteries—Hubble tension, baryon asymmetry, antimatter scarcity, hierarchy problem, and cosmic inflation—while unifying gravity, the Standard Model, and cosmology through a Planck-scale core. Evolving into a toroidal plasma ring and disc, it generates superluminal flows, particle masses, and cosmic dynamics, eliminating conventional fields. This document exhaustively details SDMG’s resolutions, mechanisms, and unification, validated by 35 datasets. Conceived byHadd LaRoy Miller with Grok (xAI), SDMG reimagines physics, poised for tests like EHT2025 and DUNE.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The ZigZag Eternal Universe System (ZEUS)

Authors: David Barbeau
Comments: 23 Pages.

The ZigZag Eternal Universe System (ZEUS) offers a pioneering cosmological framework that envisions a static, infinite universe, devoid of a Big Bang, cosmic expansion, or dark energy, challenging the standard ΛCDM model. As the first framework to explain cosmological phenomena through light’s non-linear scattering without relying on general relativity’s curved spacetime, ZEUS attributes redshift to light zigzagging off electron clouds around Massive Compact Halo Objects (MACHOs, e.g., neutron stars, black holes) at ~1 pcu207b³ density. This scattering extends light’s path (s=d(1+z)s = d(1+z)s = d(1+z)), producing redshift without motion, and forms uniform 1—2 arcsecond rings mimicking gravitational lenses. ZEUS predicts compact galaxy sizes (θ ≈ 0.15 arcsec), faint fluxes (F ≈ 10u207b¹u2079 erg/s/cm²), and high metallicity (Z ≈ 0.5—1.5 Z⊙) at z ≈ 14, aligning with James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations of mature, compact galaxies that strain ΛCDM’s early universe timeline.In ZEUS, the cosmic microwave background (CMB) arises from starlight scattered by MACHO electron clouds over an eternal timescale, matching Planck’s 2.7255 K spectrum with a fit of χ² ≈ 2—5, rivaling ΛCDM’s expansion-based fit (χ² ≈ 1—2). CMB polarization (Cu2097ᵻᵻ ≈ 8—10 μK²) and power spectrum peaks emerge from MACHO clustering (10 pcu207b³ in filaments), simplifying explanations without primordial fluctuations. Using a single parameter (k ≈ 0.1 Mpc), ZEUS unifies redshift, galaxy clustering, and flux evolution, contrasting with ΛCDM’s multi-parameter approach (Hu2080, Ωu2098, Ωu2085). The framework predicts 5—10 Mpc voids and clusters, consistent with Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data, unlike ΛCDM’s 150 Mpc baryon acoustic oscillations.Grounded in known physics—Thomson scattering, Newtonian gravity, and stellar recycling—ZEUS avoids unproven concepts like dark energy. Its testable predictions include uniform rings and high-z metallicity in Euclid surveys and smaller-scale clustering, positioning ZEUS as a compelling alternative cosmological framework. By emphasizing light’s scattered path, ZEUS invites future observations to validate its static vision against ΛCDM’s dynamic paradigm, potentially reshaping our cosmic perspective.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Structure of a Point of Time: The Frozen Eternity and the Topology of Time

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 30 Pages.

A point of time is structurally distinct from a point in space due to its intrinsic directionality and phase properties. This directionality is embedded through its role in entropy flow and recurrence. In compact time topologies, such as $S^1/Z_2$, a time point is not merely a location but a structured phase in a cyclic process. Furthermore, in the limit of the cycle time period $T to infty$, the structure collapses, leading to what we call the ``Frozen Eternity'' ? a universe devoid of dynamic evolution. We investigate the structure of a point of time within a quantum universe characterized by a cyclic temporal topology, $S^1$, and spatial manifold $R^3$. In this framework, each point of time is treated as an interface, where local discontinuities in observables are globally compensated by the rest of the time loop Â? establishing a principle of temporal flux balance. Quantum measurements are modeled as projection operations occurring within an infinitesimal time interval $[-epsilon, epsilon]$, where $epsilon ightarrow 0$ leads to infinite energetic uncertainty, consistent with the time-energy uncertainty principle. The collapse of the wavefunction is treated as a geometric and thermodynamic event, embedded within the totality of spacetime. Conscious observers are modeled as entities enacting sequences of projection operators, forming closed structures we call textit{Necklaces of Quantum Operators}. We explore algebraic structures arising from multiple interacting necklaces, including compatibility conditions, projection lattices, and meta-observer formulations. Extending the discussion to quantum field theory, we examine field quantization over the cyclic time manifold, the implications of projection operators in gauge theory, and their consistency with topological and thermodynamic constraints. The global entropy budget is shown to remain positive due to compensating entropic flow into the temporal heat bath. This unified treatment connects the thermodynamic arrow, the quantum arrow, and the causal arrow, offering a foundational bridge between consciousness, measurement, and spacetime structure.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Phase-Entropy Model of the Universe An Entropic Cosmological Framework

Authors: Hyun Kyu Koh
Comments: 7 Pages. In Korean

This paper resents a novel entropy-based cosmological model that interprsts universal expansion and contraction as a function of phase-directional energy dynamics, instead of particle movement. The model introduces a dual-field approach to dark matter and baryonic matter, driven by entropy symmetry and oscillating core transitions. This research was conducted in collaboration with a natural language AI assistant, reflecting a hybrid synthesis of human intuition and AI structuring.

This paper is written in Korean to preserve its conceptual integrity, with AI-assisted terminology supported in collaboration with a multilingual language model
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unifying Physics with a Geometric Core: the Dynamics that Drive it All

Authors: Hadd LaRoy Miller
Comments: 8 Pages.

Unifying physics with a Geometric core reimagines physics with a spinning Planck-scale core that drives dynamic flows, unifying gravity, the Standard Model, and cosmology. Co-developed with Grok (xAI), this bold framework scraps conventional fields like Higgs and dark energy, matching 35 hard datasets—from particle collisions to cosmic expansion—while tackling mysteries like the Hubble tension and antimatter’s absence. SDMG hints at a new physics frontier, awaiting the toughest scrutiny.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geometric Origin of the Cepheid Variables: Time Varying Light Cones

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 10 Pages.

Cepheid variable stars are among the most important standard candles in observationalcosmology, exhibiting periodic variation in brightness. In this work, we proposea novel geometric model to explain their pulsation using a time-periodic spacetime withmodulated causal structure. Specifically, we introduce a time-dependent metric coefficientgtt(t) driven by a brightness-inspired function that mimics asymmetric Planck-likeemission. This leads to oscillating light cones, whose angles encode the gravitationalbasis for observed Cepheid variability, as a consequence of causal dynamics in thespacetime geometry.1 Introduction
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Hybrid Model of Dark Energy: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Contributions

Authors: Obuyu Justin Mboya
Comments: 9 Pages.

Dark energy is defined as an intrinsic, fundamental energy of space driving the accelerating expansion of the universe. According to the ΛCDM model, dark energy constitutes approximately 68% of the total energy density of the observable universe, while dark matter contributes 27%, and baryonic matter accounts for only 5%. However, the exact nature of dark energy remains unknown.In this paper, I propose that dark energy could be a hybrid, meaning it could be composed of both intrinsic and extrinsic properties. The extrinsic properties could be a component of what exists beyond the boundaries of our universe, and I propose two concepts to support this idea; a) Quantum vacuum effects, a ground state of quantum fields, possessing a non-zero energy density. If an external quantum vacuum exists beyond our universe, it could exert an effect analogous to placing an elastic structure in a vacuum, where pressure differences induce expansion.b) Gravitational interactions between universes. Observed anisotropies in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) suggest that cosmic expansion is not entirely uniform. If dark energy were purely intrinsic, why would there be directional variations in expansion? These anisotropies could be explained by gravitational influences from neighboring universes in a multiverse scenario.By considering dark energy as a hybrid force, we may better explain its dominance over dark matter and its role in cosmic acceleration. This hypothesis offers a testable framework for studying multiversal interactions and refining our understanding of fundamental cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cyclic Time and Multiverse Geometry: A Mobius Strip Framework for Time and Causality

Authors: Rahul Kumar
Comments: 13 Pages. 6 figures (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Author name should be listed in the article right after the title)

We propose a novel framework for understanding time and causality in a multiverse setting, utilizing M¨obius strips to model cyclic time within individual universes and a 4-dimensional (4D) timestructure for the multiverse. This model introduces the concepts of a super Big Bang (SBB) andsuper Big Crunch (SBC), which act as boundaries of the multiverse, while each universe follows itsunique cyclic trajectory. By addressing causality, time symmetry, singularities, and fine-tuning,the framework provides a unified geometric and mathematical basis for multiversal dynamics.Key predictions include observable cyclic imprints in the cosmic microwave background (CMB)and periodic gravitational wave anomalies, offering testable avenues for empirical validation. Visualizations and equations illustrate the embedding of universes within higher-dimensional time,ensuring stability through constrained variability in key parameters.Note: The model assumes periodic boundary conditions; the treatment of entropy across cycles is deferred for future exploration.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Jacobson and Einstein in the Elevator[:] A Thermodynamic View of Gravity Without Geometry

Authors: A. Schubert
Comments: 7 Pages.

We discuss a classical thermodynamic model of gravity that is based on the concept of negative heat capacity. This model requires no curvature, no quantum fields, and no microscopic assumptions. It complements Jacobson’s thermodynamic derivation and Verlinde’s entropic gravity.

By treating a freely falling system as an entropically active object, we show that gravitational acceleration emerges as a macroscopic entropy gradient, induced by internal heating and driven by energy loss. Using a temperature field T(R) = GM/(k_B R) and a logarithmic entropy function S(R), we recover Newton’s inverse-square law as a purely thermodynamic effect:
F = T(R) ⋅ dS/dR = -GMm/R².

Placing this result into a broader framework, we propose that both gravity and quantum measurement reflect a deeper thermodynamic structure: the global tendency of the universe toward a normal (Gaussian) entropy distribution. While spacetime geometry expands toward equilibrium (dS → 0), localized quantum information follows the opposite direction — toward entropy increase (dS → 1).

Gravitation, motion, and measurement may thus be unified under a single principle: projection into the thermodynamic structure of a Gaussian universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Covariant Quantum-Geometric Model for Dark Energy: The UCM-Neo-GCV Proposal

Authors: Bautista Baron
Comments: 7 Pages.

We propose a covariant quantum-geometric mechanism for dark energy, where the vacuum energy density ρq = σH4+QH emerges from conformal anomalies and dissipative effects in curved spacetime. The UCM-Neo-GCV model introduces no new dynamical fields, preserves gravitational wave speed (cg = c), and predicts an intermediate Hubble constant (H0 ≈ 69.2 ± 0.8 km/s/Mpc)—bridging the Planck-SH0ES tension. A novel geometric screening mechanism ξeff(ρ) ensures General Relativity (GR) is recovered in high-density regimes, while the σH4 term may explain JWST-observed early galaxy formation at high redshifts. The model yields a dynamic equation of state wq(z), falsifiable with Euclid, DESI, and LISA, and aligns with quantum field theory in curved spacetime, offering aminimalist alternative to ΛCDM, quintessence, and modified gravity theories.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fractal Physis: Structural Decoherence and the Cosmological Basis of Wavefunction Collapse

Authors: Danny Westwood
Comments: 4 Pages.

We propose a novel structural model of quantum decoherence based on the fractal coherence properties of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Using wavelet energy scaling on Planck SMICA data, we extract a scale-dependent coherence function f(l) and map it to physical space f(z) via a logarithmic transformation. This empirical function is integrated into a modified Schr ̈odinger equation, introducing decoherence as a function of cosmological structure.Simulations of double-slit propagation under this framework reveal coherent-to-incoherent transitions that align with real CMB-derived decoherence boundaries near l ∼ 4000. Our results suggest a cosmologically-grounded, scale-structured foundation for quantum-classical transition,offering a testable alternative to environment-based interpretations of wavefunction collapse.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Nodes of Time — Conformal Noding Cosmology (CNC): An Extension of Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC)

Authors: Christopher David Rice
Comments: 25 Pages. Also submitted to CQG, Manuscript ID: CQG-112842

This paper proposes Conformal Noding Cosmology (CNC), a speculative yet physically motivated extension of Roger Penrose’s Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC). Unlike CCC’s requirement for a global conformal transformation at the end of an aeon, CNC posits that causally isolated, thermodynamically silent regions in an expanding ΛCDM universe may undergo conformal rescaling independently—giving rise to what are termed "Nodes of Time." These regions emerge not from high-energy events, quantum fluctuations, or tunneling, but from expansion-induced causal disconnection.We define a new type of observational horizon based on redshift limits, explores the thermodynamic conditions under which a region becomes functionally massless, and derives equations for redshift cutoffs and scale invariance thresholds. CNC introduces a branching, decentralized cosmogenesis model that aligns with GR and conformal geometry without invoking speculative particles.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Thermodynamics of Gravity: Negative Heat Capacity and MOND

Authors: A. Schubert
Comments: 9 Pages.

We explore the thermodynamics of self-gravitating systems with negative heat capacity (C < 0) and develop a classical model for gravitational attraction. Our approach shows that heat flows from colder to hotter regions, reversing typical thermal diffusion. This process generates an entropic force dependent on temperature and the spatial change in entropy. In regions of high acceleration (a >> a₀), this force matches Newtonian gravity, proportional to the inverse square of distance. In low-acceleration regions (a << a₀, where a₀ ≈ 1.2 × 10^-10 m/s²), it transitions to an effective acceleration that scales with the square root of the product of classical acceleration and a critical value, aligning with Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) and explaining galactic rotation curves. Unlike models using quantum effects or holography, our derivation relies solely on classical thermodynamics and the self-heating of gravitating systems. This perspective redefines gravity as an emergent outcome of heat concentration, connecting classical physics to astrophysical observations without requiring dark matter.

Geometric Optical Knots as Sources of Topological Gravitation

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 2 Pages.

We propose a novel viewpoint in which gravitational fields emerge not from conventional matter-energy sources, but from topological configurations of light encoded in twistor space. This preliminary study proposes that geometric optical knots—nontrivial configurations of light rays forming closed or linked loops—can act as sources of topological gravitation, where space-time is emergent. These knots naturally reside in twistor space, where null structures are fundamental.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Coherence-Based Frame Dragging, Redshift, and Gravitational Quantization in the Holosphere Lattice Model

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 7 Pages. Updated key terms and added key derivation definitions of terms and added references.

This paper explores how gravitational quantization, frame dragging, and cosmological redshift emerge from angular coherence strain within the Holosphere lattice—a discrete, rotating medium composed of nested Planck-scale spheres. Unlike general relativity, which describes gravity through spacetime curvature, Holosphere Theory models mass, charge, and inertial effects as arising from phase misalignments in a recursive, cuboctahedrally packed lattice. Frame dragging is reinterpreted as mechanical entrainment by rotational coherence gradients, and red shift emerges from Doppler-like spiral slippage and exponential phase drag. The model avoids point particles by describing matter as extended angular defects, regularizing gravitational self-energy and quantizing interaction strengths through discrete shell configurations. We present a summary comparison to general relativity, introduce a spin-gradient redshift approximation, and discuss open challenges including the emergence of an effective metric and correspondence with Einstein’s field equations. These results provide a foundation for future derivations of relativistic behavior from lattice-based coherence dynamics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hybrid Redshift Equation, Matching all Redshifts Incorporating Special Relativistic Doppler Effect and Tired Light Correction in a Spinning Universe

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 9 Pages. Updated key terms and added key derivation.

This paper evaluates the predictions of the Holosphere-based Sempiternal Spinning Sphere Theory in relation to the Tolman surface brightness test over the redshift range 0.01 < z < 4. Unlike CDM, this model does not assume metric expansion, inflation, or dark energy. Instead, it posits that redshift arises from spiral phase slippage as light propagates radially through a rotating lattice of Holospheres—discrete neutron-scale spheres forming the underlying structure of spacetime. As photons spiral outward through successive coherence shells, they accumulate angular strain, leading to both redshift and surface brightness attenuation. We derive a modified surface brightness equation based on the exponential geometry of radial propagation through this rotating medium, which reproduces the (1 + z)^−3 scaling observed in empirical data. Comparison with observations from Lubin & Sandage [2] shows strong alignment, supporting the Holosphere model as a viable alternative to the expanding universe framework. The results suggest that redshift, angular size evolution, and surface brightness dimming can emerge naturally from coherent rotational strain in a discrete spacetime structure.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Expanding-Contracted Space Theory

Authors: Dale Wahl
Comments: 91 Pages.

Expanding Contracted Space Theory (ECST) offers a unified framework in which mass, gravity, and cosmological redshift all emerge from a single dynamical scalar field that encodes vacuum "elasticity." Starting from an extended action in which a contraction scalar ϕ non-minimally couples to the metric and matter sectors via simple coupling functions f(ϕ) and gu2091(ϕ), ECST recovers Newtonian gravity and all first post-Newtonian tests of General Relativity—most notably Mercury’s perihelion advance—through an "elastic" 1/r³ correction to the potential. On galactic scales, the same scalar-gradient boost reproduces flat rotation curves of spirals and giant ellipticals without invoking dark matter. Light propagation in an evolving ϕ field yields a built-in photon-shift law that exactly matches supernova distance—redshift data, explaining cosmic acceleration without dark energy. At the particle level, spatial contraction sourced by normalized wavefunctions generates emergent lepton masses: hydrogenic electrons, and self bound muon/tau solitons, reproduce the observed mass spectrum and resolve the muonic-hydrogen proton-radius puzzle with no extra parameters. Finally, ECST replaces black-hole singularities with finite-density cores while preserving external shadow sizes (as seen by the EHT) and predicts distinctive quasi-normal-mode signatures accessible to next-generation gravitational-wave detectors. With only two fundamental inputs, ECST thus spans phenomena from femtometers to gigaparsecs in a single, falsifiable scalar-geometric paradigm.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Expanding-Contracted Space Theory

Authors: Dale Wahl
Comments: 77 Pages.

Expanding-Contracted-Space Theory (ECST) is a single-scalar alternative to ΛCDM + Standard-Model Yukawas. A sextic potential for the contraction-scalar ϕ converts local electromagnetic energy into real spatial densification; the same field supplies (i) solar-system—strength gravity when ϕ-1∼10^(-8), (ii) a density-gradient "elastic boost" that fits Milky-Way, Andromeda and M 87 rotation curves without dark matter, (iii) finite event-horizon radii identical to those imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope, and (iv) an extra 10 % photon red-shift that reproduces the Type-Ia Hubble tension without Λ. Radial solitons of ϕ yield the electron, muon and tau masses to 0.02 % with a single parameter. We present the covariant action, field equations and all current χ² tests spanning 10³u207b¹u2078 m to 10²u2076 m. Moreover, ECST naturally predicts a few-hundred-µeV Lamb-shift correction in muonic hydrogen—equivalent to the ~0.04 fm proton radius discrepancy—using only the same scalar parameters fixed by lepton masses and solar-system gravity tests.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory of Fundamental Consciousness and the Birth of Universes Through Black Holes

Authors: Alessandro Guardini
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite listed scientific references)

This theory proposes that consciousness is not a byproduct of matter, but a fundamental force of the universe, as primordial as gravity. It exists as non-local information within the quantum vacuum. When informational consciousness is compressed inside black holes, it interacts with the Higgs Field, transforming into mass and triggering the expansion of new universes. This document presents the theoretical framework, symbolic formulation, and philosophical implications of this cosmological model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

One Parameter Redshift Model Matching Measured Values Near, Middle, and Far Reaches of Universe Perfectly

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Frequent replacements will not be accepted!) Red Shift graph added with light attenuation explanation.

This paper presents a model that predicts the redshifts as well as measured values, but without adjustments by dark energy, dark matter or comoving distances. There is only one parameter. It is the fraction of time sinceemission of the light. The parameter also adjusts for dust in the universe that attenuates light brightness as dust may be reducing brightness by almost 5 magnitudes. The assumption is that light hits an object moving at the speed of light. The model of the universe is spheres made out of spheres. The model is called "Sempiternal Steady State Spinning Sphere Theory", aframework unifying particle masses via vacancy defects in cuboctahedral packing of a granular universe. The model proposes an eternal spinning sphere universe (radius 3.018 billionlight-years, mass ∼ 1.636 × 10^54 kg) with continuous matter creation and destruction, driven by both attractive and repulsive gravity dynamics. A redshift comparison table validates the model against measured values of redshift, suggesting resolution to the Hubble tension due to assumptions from a steady state universe verses a big bang universe. There are two graphs, the first showing how accurately the model predicts redshift vs actual data using the LambdaCDM model. The second showing that the Lambda CDM model has very unusual curve that would require tremendous changes of energy and force in the universe inexplicably. There is also a section that finds that the attenuation constant, overall, for the universe for ultraviolet light is about 2.5. This paperpredicts an attenuation constant of about 2.38, for whatever causes the attenuation of the redshift.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

One Parameter Redshift Model Matching Measured Values Near, Middle, and Far Reaches of Universe Perfectly

Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper presents a model that predicts the redshifts as well as measured values, but without adjustments by dark energy, dark matter or comoving distances. There is only one parameter. It is the fraction of time sinceemission of the light. The parameter also adjusts for dust in the universe that attenuates light brightness as dust may be reducing brightness by almost 5 magnitudes. The assumption is that light hits an object moving at the speed of light. The model of the universe is spheres made out of spheres. The model is called "Sempiternal Steady State Spinning Sphere Theory", aframework unifying particle masses via vacancy defects in cuboctahedralpacking of a granular universe. The model proposes an eternal spinning sphere universe (radius 3.018 billion light-years, mass ∼ 1.636 × 10^54 kg) with continuous matter creation and destruction, driven by both attractiveand repulsive gravity dynamics. A redshift comparison table validates the model against measured values of redshift, suggesting resolution to the Hubble tension due to assumptions from a steady state universe verses a big bang universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geogenesis — A Geometric Reinterpretation of Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Universe’s Emergence

Authors: Christopher Giles
Comments: 6 Pages. While the conceptualization belongs entirely to the author, formatting and editing were accomplished with ChatGPT.

Geogenesis proposes a geometric reinterpretation of the dark sector (specifically dark matter and dark energy) as emergent effects of curvature dynamics within spacetime. Inspired by Einstein’s geometric legacy and Wheeler’s geometrodynamics, the model frames the universe’s emergence as a rupture in a pre-existing equilibrium. The surrounding geometry reacts to this disruption, forming compressive zones (dark matter) and boundary tension (dark energy) as it seeks stability. While the theory is currently qualitative, it aligns with ΛCDM’s observable predictions and offers distinct falsifiable outcomes, such as the eventual dissipation of dark matter halos and declining dark energy. Geogenesis invites mathematical formalization and empirical scrutiny as a step toward reconciling geometric structure with cosmological behavior.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Regenerative Cosmos: A Hypothesis of Gravitational Rebound Events (GREs) as Engines of Universal Renewal

Authors: Todd Berry
Comments: 13 Pages.

This hypothesis presents a new cosmological model that replaces the singular Big Bang paradigm with a continuous regenerative process driven by Gravitational Rebound Events (GREs). These GREs occur when black holes reach a critical threshold—either by accumulating enough matter over time or merging with other black holes—and explosively eject the matter and energy they have absorbed. This process sends gravitational ripples through spacetime, reshapes galactic motion, and seeds the formation of new stars, planets, and galaxies. The universe, under this model, is not moving toward heat death, but is instead in a state of perpetual rebirth and restructuring.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Conformal Noding Cosmology: A Scale-Invariant Framework for Spontaneous Universe Genesis via Cosmic Expansion

Authors: Christopher David Rice
Comments: 16 Pages.

In standard Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC), the universe — particularly regions outside the bounds of heavy gravitational influence — expands toward infinite dilution, eventually reaching a conformal, scale-invariant state from which a new aeon emerges. We present a conceptual extension in which causally disconnected, massless regions within the universe independently approach this conformal state, forming ’Nodes of Time’. These regions, bounded by redshift-defined cosmic horizons and devoid of massive particles, lose internal entropy gradients and become locally conformally invariant. We propose that such domains, upon becoming conformally invariant, may be rescaled into geometries that mirror early-universe conditions, offering an alternative pathway to primordial structure without invoking a singular origin. This multiversal noding process circumvents the need for speculative mechanisms such as electron decay or global entropy resets. Each node does not originate from a high-energy event in the prior frame of reference, but rather from the onset of geometric decoupling and thermodynamic neutrality; a processthat, once rescaled, may appear internally as an energetic beginning. Rather than a sequential rebirth of the cosmos, this framework proposes a distributed origin model, where new cosmogenesis events occur locally within a universe that continues to accelerate outward — from all reference points — beyond observational horizons. The model remains falsifiable through violations of its boundary assumptions, offering a redefinition of cosmogenesis grounded in known physics and conformal geometry.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Nodes of Time - Conformal Noding Cosmology (CNC): An Extension of Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC)

Authors: Christopher David Rice
Comments: 25 Pages.

In standard Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC), the entire universe evolves toward infinite expansion, eventually reaching a conformal scale-invariant state, from which a new aeon emerges. We present a conceptual extension in which causally disconnected, massless regions within the expanding universe independently attain scale invariance, forming "nodes of time". These nodes, bounded by their own cosmic event horizons and devoid of massive particles, become locally conformally invariant and thus capable of being rescaled into new Big Bang-like origins. This multiversal noding process circumvents the need for speculative phenomena such as electron decay or global entropy resets. Instead, each node emerges naturally through geometric isolation, not energetic birth. This perspective reframes cosmic rebirth not as a cyclical global reset but as a branching of causally isolated regions, each born not in a violent singularity, but in the silent disappearance of scale.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology