All Submission Categories

The Pure Geometric Universe

Authors: Xiangqian Zhang, Mingming Zhao, Linchao Ge
Comments: 11 Pages.

The Standard Model of modern physics contains dozens of free parameters (such as the finestructure constant ) that cannot be derived theoretically. Abstract "point particles" and "probability waves" do not exist in the universe. This paper establishes the "Spatial Right-Handed Cylindrical Helical Light-Speed Motion" as the sole first-principle axiom. By combining fluid dynamics vortex theorems with Knot Theory, we prove that electrons, protons, and neutrons are essentially topological vortex knots of spatial fluid. Furthermore, this theory rigorously derives the pure geometric origin of the fine-structure constant and directly introduces a second-order topological residual mechanism governed by the "square law of amplitude." This leads to the deduction of an infinite-order residual geometric cascade enclosed entirely within the axiom, constructing the topological full-order energy level formula for the hydrogen atom. This paper not only conducts a rigorous, zero-fitting algebraic examination of this formula but also provides a pure geometric resolution to the "Proton Radius Puzzle," demonstrating the paradigm-shifting predictive power of topological geometry.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Impact-Triggered Flash Cascade (ITFC) Model: A Quantum-Interpreted Background Framework for Light Propagation

Authors: Hyun-Kyu Koh
Comments: 21 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite listed scientific references)

We propose the Impact-Triggered Flash Cascade (ITFC) model, a phenomenological framework in which visible light is interpreted as a cascade of flashes emitted by an unobservable background of particles (U-particles) excited through contact with a high-speed driver (P-particle). In this picture, the observable signal is not the P-particle itself but the propagation of the U-cascade. The light constant c is reinterpreted as the critical transfer speed of U, while observable information transfer remains bounded by the effective cascade speed, preserving local relativistic consistency.The model is governed by two phenomenological parameters: an effective transfer length and a local dwell/lag time. From these, we derive an effective propagation law and refractive index that consistently account for rectilinear propagation, reflection and refraction, scattering and turbidity, and diffraction and interference through time-synchronization. An effective-action sketch is also provided to encode nonlocal memory and finite transfer range while reproducing the long-wavelength behavior of the model.The present framework may also be viewed as a quantum-interpreted reformulation of a background-medium picture. Rather than reviving a classical ether in its historical sense, we treat the unobservable background as a set of latent degrees of freedom whose localized excitations and transfer dynamics generate the observable optical signal. The present work is intentionally phenomenological; a detailed microscopic model of U-particles, their interactions, and their relation to standard field theory is deferred to subsequent papers. Possible large-scale background modulation may be explored in future work, but it is not essential to the present quantum-interpreted phenomenology of local light propagation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Dark-Sector Charge-Discharge Mechanism for Bubble-Universe Formation: Hubble-Suppressed Nucleation Rate, Hierarchical Scaling, and a Testable Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background

Authors: Aleksey Razumovsky
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite listed scientific references; please don't name title, equation/formula etc after the author's name)

Recent results from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) provide mounting evidence that dark energy is dynamical, exhibiting mild time evolution rather than remaining a pure cosmological constant. Motivated by these observations, we introduce a simple scalar-field model in which the coupled dark-energy/dark-matter sector acts as a slowly accumulating "static charge." Vacuum energy density builds in a metastable false-vacuum state until a critical threshold triggers quantum tunneling (Coleman—De Luccia bubble nucleation) or extra-dimensional leakage, discharging the accumulated energy and nucleating a new bubble universe. We derive an explicit time-dependent nucleation rate Γ(t) ∝ t^−β (β ≈ 2) arising from Hubble suppression in the early, denser universe, naturally producing fewer discharges per horizon volume ∼10 Gyr ago and a higher relative rate in the present epoch. Monte-Carlo simulations of the process demonstrate that successive bubble-universe births exhibit hierarchical scaling: each child universe inherits a mass/energy budget smaller by 1—3.5 orders of magnitude relative to its parent, consistent with fractional tunneling leakage. The mechanism yields a distinctive stochastic gravitational-wave background (SGWB) generated by bubble collisions, sound waves, and turbulence. The spectrum features a softened infrared tail and a secondary mHz hump whose amplitude and shape are uniquely tied to the time-dependent discharge history. This signal lies within the projected sensitivity of LISA (core band ∼1—10 mHz) and pulsar-timing arrays (low-frequency shoulder), offering a concrete, multi-messenger test. Future DESI releases and next-generation gravitational-wave observatories can therefore falsify or support the charge-discharge picture as a dynamical channel for bubble-universe formation in a hierarchical multiverse.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Service to Parents is Equivalent to Service to All Beings

Authors: Satish Gajawada
Comments: 15 Pages.

The idea that 'service to parents is equivalent to service to all beings' is one of the most important teachings found across many cultures, religions, and philosophical traditions around the world. This paper looks at this idea from many angles — including ancient religious scriptures, modern psychology, philosophy, and sociology — to show that taking care of your parents is not just a family duty. It is, in fact, a way of expressing love and compassion for all living beings, and it is where humans first learn how to serve others.The paper introduces a simple model called the Concentric Circles of Service (like rings of a tree) to explain how love and service start at home (with parents) and then gradually spread outward to neighbors, communities, and eventually all beings. Evidence from psychology [9,10,31], sociology [24,25,26], philosophy [41,46,14,15], and spiritual teachings [1,9,21,22] all agree: the family — especially the bond with parents — is where humans first learn universal love.
Category: Social Science

Agentic Smart ITIL, And The Disruption Of The Market Of Conventional Enterprise Applications

Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 36 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaes.wordpress.com/

Information Technology Service Management (ITSM) and the execution of ITIL 4 frameworks are currently bottlenecked by legacy, deterministic software platforms that rely heavily on manual workflows and human operators. They also come with lock-in, and heavy TCO. This paper argues for replacing these monolithic, or composable, applications with a fully autonomous Agentic AI application, and predicts that it will happen soon. It is organized first with typical practices for agentic AI platforms. Accordingly, by leveraging hierarchical agent topologies, standardized open protocols (MCP and A2A), and dynamic temporal graph memory, enterprises can transition from manual orchestration to the algorithmic execution of ITIL 4 practices, e.g., achieving zero-touch incident resolution and predictive problem management. This approach extends far beyond IT operations, nowadays often part of ITSM offerings. It is already being done by some vendors, but with time and efforts to develop, that still often precludes enterprises to do it themselves, while the innovators dilemma limits what incumbent vendors are willing to transform to agentic AI, i.e., definitively not the core processes of their software, sticking instead to side-car copilots and agents extensions, associated to end user task, which already provide significant ROI. New vendors should not have such qualms.The shift toward "Do-It-For-Me" (DIFM) autonomous execution fundamentally collapses the seat-based licensing models of traditional software, triggering the obsolescence of massive enterprise suites like ITMS/ESM/ITOM and including ERP and CRM platforms. We detail how the "Agentic Strangler Fig" pattern, catalyzed by Application-aware (agentic) AI with real-time discovery and coding (RTDC) mechanisms, defined in the paper, allows organizations to bypass multi months or year migrations, by surrounding, with AI agentic processes that extend then replace and decommissioning the legacy enterprise applications, while saving in TCO, and achieving fully autonomous outcome. This way, enterprises are able to surround their ITSM/ESM/ITOM software, as well as other enterprise software, until left only with agentic AI and a database system of record, leading to ROI from significant cost reductions, autonomous automation, and the ability to customize their preferred processes, without the usual risks that this will lead to difficult upgrades in the future, or other problems.We also argue that the market of enterprise application market is about to be disrupted, but contrary to many recent discussion, this does not necessarily mean the dead of SaaS.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Gravity from Galactic Tension: Local Mechanics and Nonlocal Effects

Authors: Joseph Shaffer
Comments: 10 Pages.

This paper proposes a conceptual framework in which both the gravitational constant G and the phenomenon commonly referred to as dark energy arise from a single physical mechanism: a frozen in tension within a medium formed during an early universe phase transition. The model assumes the existence of a continuous, elastic like substrate created during the Big Bang. As the universe expanded, this medium experienced strain, producing a uniform tension that remained fixed once the expansion rate slowed. The gravitational constant emerges from the stiffness and strain of this medium. The conceptual framework relies on a two domain model, consisting of a local mechanical domain and a nonlocal entanglement domain. The framework naturally yields flat galactic rotation curves without invoking dark matter halos.
Category: Astrophysics

Quaternionic Norm Response Theory (QNRT): Discrete Spacetime, Photon Basis, UV—IR Scale Duality, and Cosmological Scale Estimates

Authors: Kenichi Nakao
Comments: 18 Pages.

Quaternionic Norm Response Theory (QNRT) proposes a discrete, geometricallystructured spacetime based on the Hurwitz quaternion lattice ΓH. Through a singlealgebraic operation—quaternion inversion—the theory generates a Z2 UV—IR scaleduality whose fixed point simultaneously determines the dark-energy scale and theneutrino mass scale.The dynamical field ϕ : ΓH → HC takes values in the complexified quaternionalgebra HC∼= M2(C) and carries the Hermitian norm N(ϕ) = ϕϕu2020, giving thelogarithmic scale field σ = log(N(ϕ)/ℓ2P). Inversion ϕ 7→ ϕ−1 = ϕu2020/N(ϕ) sendsσ 7→ −σ, exchanging ultraviolet and infrared regimes. The norm-response scaling(NRS) theorem shows that this map has a unique fixed point rc =√ℓP R⋆.The fixed-point scale rc = 84 µm (with R⋆ ≈ 4.4×1026 m, N⋆ = R⋆/ℓP ≈ 2.70×1061) defines a reference wavenumber k0 = 1/rc. This is precisely the wavenumberof the self-dual lattice mode (n = nc =√N⋆ in the harmonic expansion over R⋆),an algebraic identity verified to 0.000% numerical error. The corresponding energyE0 = ℏck0 = 2.354 meV and temperature Tc = 27.27 K equal the geometric meanof the Planck and de Sitter temperatures, and coincide with the CMB temperatureat redshift zc ≈ 9 (cosmic reionisation epoch).The self-dual scale gives ρΛ = ℏc/(ℓP R⋆)2 = c4/(GR2⋆) ≈ 6.3 × 10−10 J m−3,within 21% of the Planck 2018 value 5.3×10−10 J m−3. The identity ρΛ = c4/(GR2⋆)shows that ℏ cancels algebraically, so the cosmological constant problem reduces tothe purely classical question of why R⋆/ℓP ≈ 2.7 × 1061. The fermionic counterpartyields Mcc2 =pMP c2 · MHc2 ≈ 2.4 meV, within the active-neutrino mass win-dow. The lattice-derived kinetic coefficient clat = 6 fixes the continuum action; theduality-symmetric potential V (σ) = 2ρΛ cosh σ produces thawing-quintessence darkenergy with w0 ∈ [−0.990, −0.908] and wa ∈ [−0.082, −0.014] for σi ∈ [0.5, 3.0]. Allpredictions are consistent with ΛCDM.The principal limitations are as follows. The value R⋆ ≈ 4.4 × 1026 m is setby self-consistency of the numerical outputs; its epoch-independent determinationis Open Problem OP1 and is not resolved in this paper. The QNRT predictionsw0 ∈ [−0.990, −0.908] are inconsistent with the DESI DR2 (2025) central value w0 ≈−0.75 at 2.7—4.0 σ, while remaining consistent with ΛCDM. The Euclid forecastedprecision σ(w0) ∼ 0.02 will provide a decisive test. The Standard Model gauge embedding and the physical determination of σi are the remaining principal openproblems.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Logical Falsification and Geometric Reconstruction of the Toeplitz Conjecture

Authors: Chang Yu
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Toeplitz Conjecture has remained a focal point in geometry for over a century, yet traditional analytical approaches often overlook the fundamental logical constraints of geometric entities. This study addresses the "Inscribed Square Problem" by shifting the focus from empirical measurement to a first-principles logical audit. By revising the logical definition of "inscription" and treating a square as a rigid four-node structure with inherent 90-degree angular equilibrium constraints, we demonstrate that the existence of such a structure is not a probabilistic occurrence but a topological necessity of curve closure. Our results introduce the concept of "270-degree Space Compensation", showing that any simple closed curve that returns exactly to its starting point must generate sufficient spatial tension to accommodate the vertices of an inscribed square; curves failing to meet this threshold are logically invalid closed entities. We conclude that within a valid geometric domain, a closed curve and its inscribed square are logically inseparable. This finding reframes the conjecture from an existence proof to a deterministic outcome of topological cost. Logically, this necessitates any geometrically valid closed curve to sweep through topological coordinates sufficient to accommodate the four vertices of a square; conversely, a curve that cannot sweep through these coordinates fails to meet the 270-degree threshold.
Category: Topology

Quantum Mechanics from Holographic Entropy: Born Rule Derived, Measurement Boundary Exact, Entanglement Topological

Authors: Charles A. Streb IV
Comments: 6 Pages.

We identify the entropy field of Caticha's entropic dynamics program with the holographic screen entropy S = π k_B c³ r² / (G ħ). The Schrödinger equation is recovered exactly as the Wick rotation of the entropy diffusion equation, now grounded in a specific physical substrate. Three results follow that extend entropic dynamics beyond its current formulation. First, the Born rule P = |ψ|² is derived from the continuity equation of entropy diffusion, not postulated. Second, the quantum-classical measurement boundary is given by the exact decoherence time τ_D = ħ / (m k_B T), yielding calculable transition thresholds for any system. Third, quantum entanglement is identified as a topological property of the entropy field on the holographic screen: entangled particles are nodes of a single entropy vortex with conserved winding number. Bell's theorem is satisfied because the hidden variable is the global vortex topology, which is nonlocal by construction. The framework preserves locality, causality, and reality simultaneously on the screen, and connects to the ER=EPR conjecture: the entropy vortex is the wormhole.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Geometric Derivation of the Fine-Structure Constant from the D3 Apollonian Gasket

Authors: Ioannis Karachalios
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and listed scientific references)

We present a geometric derivation of the fine-structure constant α ≈ 1/137.036 from first principles using the D3-symmetric Apollonian circle packing. Starting from a regular tetrahedron inscribed in a sphere (a natural geometric model for the electron’s spherical symmetry), we apply stereographic projection to obtain a planar configuration that, after inversion, yields the D3 Apollonian gasket. The curvatures in this packing belong to the quadratic field Q(√3) and follow a recurrence governed by the Pell equation. Within this packing, we identify a circle of curvature 92 + 26√3 whose radius (in units where the outer circle has radius 1) equals α to within 0.0002% of the experimentally measured value. This deriva-tion requires no free parameters and emerges naturally from the geometry of the tetrahedron, the most symmetric arrangement of four spheres. The result suggests that the fine-structure constant is not arbitrary but is encoded in the recursiveself-similarity of the electron’s projected spherical geometry.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Symmetrical Strengthening of Legendre's Conjecture Anchored on Even Squares

Authors: Mohammad Aldebbeh
Comments: 5 Pages. 2 figures (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and listed scientific references)

Legendre's Conjecture states that there is a prime number between n² and (n+1)² for every positive integer n. This paper proposes a symmetrical, computationally verified strengthening of Legendre's Conjecture by anchoring the search for primes exclusively on even squares. We hypothesize that for every even integer n, there exists a prime q < 2n+1 such that n²+q is prime, and a prime q < 2n-1 such that n²-q is prime. We demonstrate that these two conjectures collectively imply Legendre's Conjecture for all integers. Furthermore, we explore the algebraic links to Polignac's and Goldbach's Conjectures, highlighting how our tight bounding of q bridges these theories. Probabilistic heuristics based on the Prime Number Theorem are provided to justify the logarithmic growth of q. Finally, we present computational evidence verifying both conjectures up to n=10⁸.
Category: Number Theory

Operating Envelope Deviation as a Kill-Switch Signal: A Formal Framework for Autonomous Agent Interruption

Authors: Sayali Patil
Comments: 10 pages, IEEE two-column format, 15 references, 4 figures, 2 tables. Includes formal soundness proof and 300-episode agentic simulation. AI-assisted article.

The kill switch problem for autonomous AI agents is conventionally treated as a design property: either an agent has a shutdown mechanism or it does not. This binary framing obscures the more consequential engineering question, which is not whether a kill switch exists but when it should trigger. This paper introduces the Halt Condition from Operating Envelopes (HCOE) framework, a formal architecture for deriving kill-switch criteria from intent-based operating envelopes, grounded in the chaos-level engine paradigm of U.S. Patent No.u202012,242,370u2009B2. HCOE treats halt conditions not as static design properties but as computable, real-time threshold functions over a continuously measured Operating Envelope Deviation (OED) signal. The framework introduces five formally defined halt classes, a graduated response architecture mapping OED zones to halt disposition (continue, pause, halt), and a proof of soundness establishing that HCOE activation prevents irreversible agent actions outside the declared operating envelope with probability approaching one as the deviation measurement interval shrinks. Evaluation across a 300-episode agentic simulation demonstrates combined halt precision of 91.8% and recall of 89.8% across five halt classes, with rollback success rates of 87% at three or fewer irreversible actions. These results establish HCOE as a practically deployable, formally grounded kill-switch architecture that closes the gap between the theoretical corrigibility literature and the operational requirements of production agentic AI systems.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Son Serving Parents (SSP) - A New Professional Title

Authors: Satish Gajawada
Comments: 20 Pages.

This paper introduces a new professional title, "Son Serving Parents" (SSP), to formally recognize and validate the role of adult children who dedicate significant time, effort, and resources to caring for their aging or ailing parents. In contemporary society, professional identities are largely defined through employment and career-centric frameworks, while the invaluable work of family caregiving — particularly parental care by sons — remains unacknowledged in professional and institutional contexts. This paper argues that creating and acknowledging SSP as a legitimate professional title can have profound implications for social recognition, mental health, policy development, and the preservation of family values across generations. Drawing on demographic projections, caregiving literature, cross-cultural research, and policy studies, we explore the conceptual foundations, societal need, psychological dimensions, economic considerations, benefits, challenges, and a proposed multi-tier framework for institutionalizing the SSP title. We further examine international comparisons, legal implications, and pathways for advocacy, while acknowledging gender equity concerns and opportunities for broadening the concept. The paper concludes with a call to action for policymakers, employers, academic institutions, and civil society to develop inclusive frameworks that honor the profound human work of eldercare.
Category: Social Science

The Universal Replication Principle as a Unifying Framework for the Expansion of Physical Vacuum and the Origin of Life

Authors: Ignacio Lesta Pelayo
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and listed scientific references)

This work presents Version 2 of a previously published article (March 23, 2026), proposing the Universal Replication Principle (URP) as a unifying conceptual framework for understanding persistence, replication, and structural evolution across different domains of the universe.According to the URP, physical configurations that achieve a certain degree of stability tend to persist and, under favorable dynamical conditions, generate new configurations with similar structural properties. From this perspective, phenomena such as the formation of gravitational structures, the accelerated expansion of the universe, and the emergence of life can be interpreted as manifestations of a common underlying dynamic.In the cosmological domain, dark energy is interpreted as the observable manifestation of the expansion of the physical vacuum, understood as a dynamical state capable of extending its own structure. In the biological domain, the origin of life is framed as a natural continuation of processes of physical and chemical organization, leading to systems capable of informational replication.This revised version improves the conceptual clarity of the URP and refines its application across cosmology and biology, offering a unified interpretative framework consistent with existing theoretical models while suggesting new avenues for exploration.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Breaking the Monolith a Diagnostic Framework for Early Supermassive Black Hole Origins

Authors: Andrei Eleodor Sirbu
Comments: 29 Pages.

The discovery of billion-solar-mass black holes within the first 500—800 million years of the universe has challenged monolithic formation models. Recent JWST and ALMA observations (2024—2026) paint a picture of a chaotic, gas-rich early universe where extreme accretion and feedback were commonplace. We argue that the field must shift from seeking a single "solution" to developing a diagnostic framework capable of distinguishing between multiple, co-existing formation pathways. We propose three broad channels : Chaotic Cold-Accretion Avalanches, Monolithic Direct Collapse, and Rapid Hierarchical Mergers. Each leaving distinct imprints on the kinematics, metallicity, and host environment of high-redshift quasars. We outline the key observational tests enabled by JWST, ALMA, and next generation gravitational-wave observatories to quantify the contribution of each pathway to the emerging population of early supermassive black holes.
Category: Astrophysics

A Unified Theory of Neuro-Autoimmunity: From Multiple Sclerosis to the GBS Clusters in Peru (The VZV Detonator)

Authors: Alejandro Armando Caparo
Comments: 32 Pages. This work is published under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite listed scientific references)

A Unified Theory of Neuro-Autoimmunity: From Multiple Sclerosis (MS) to GBS Clusters in PeruCore Thesis: This work presents a paradigm shift in neuro-immunology, identifying the reactivation of latent Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) as the primary driver for both Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). The Mechanism: The VZV acts as a dormant "Powder Keg" within the nervous system. The disease is triggered by an external "Detonator" (The Trigger). In MS, this occurs via chronic stressors; in the GBS clusters of Peru (2019/2023), a bacterial infection (Campylobacter jejuni) served as the acute detonator, igniting a nervous system already primed by intensive vaccination programs and environmental toxins. Methodology: This research combines clinical observation with AI-assisted demographic analysis to confirm the correlation between prior immunization, VZV latency, and regional outbreaks. Conclusion: The absence of GBS in unvaccinated populations despite bacterial exposure proves the VZV-Detonator mechanism. This knowledge is released as Open Access to the public for a symbolic price of 1 Euro, ensuring the truth remains uncorrupted by commercial interests. In honor of Dr. Sotelo and General Emmanuel Beth.
Category: Mind Science

A Quadratic Totient Heuristic for Primes of the Form x2 + 1: The Coprime Identity Range [n, n2], a Generalised Jacobsthal Gap Bound

Authors: Ruben Gafencu
Comments: 14 Pages.

We present a self-contained combinatorial and sieve-theoretic framework forestimating and bounding the number of primes of the form $x^2+1$ in a naturalfamily of intervals. The centrepiece is the emph{Coprime Identity}: for anyinteger $m$ with $n < m le n^2$, $m$ is prime if and only if $m$ is coprimeto the primorial $P_n = prod_{p le n} p$. Applying this identity to thepolynomial $f(x) = x^2+1$ and encoding the root structure of $f(x)bmod p$via quadratic residue theory yields the emph{Quadratic Totient Estimate}[ mathcal{N}(n) ;=; frac{n}{2} prod_{substack{ple n pequiv 1pmod{4}}} !frac{p-2}{p},]which is strictly increasing and diverges to infinity. We then introduce theemph{Quadratic Jacobsthal function} $gQ(n)$, the maximum gap betweenconsecutive survivors of the quadratic sieve for $f$, and give a sieve-theoreticargument --- based on the computation of the sieve dimension $kappa = 1$ andthe linear sieve lower bound --- that $gQ(n) < n^2 - n$ for all sufficientlylarge $n$. Large-scale numerical verification confirms the formula's accuracy:against exact prime counts from OEIS~A002496, the relative error of$mathcal{N}(n)$ remains below $8%$ for $n$ up to $10^{13}$, with systematicimprovement toward zero as a tail-factor correction is applied. We discuss theconnection to the Hardy--Littlewood Conjecture~F, the Bateman--Horn singularseries, and Iwaniec's 1978 $P_2$ theorem, and we carefully delineate theremaining obstacles --- the parity barrier and the rigorous control of theerror term --- that separate this heuristic from a complete proof of Landau'sFourth Problem.
Category: Number Theory

Intent-Based Planning Engine (IBPE) for Adaptive Infrastructure Systems

Authors: Sayali Patil
Comments: 11 pages, IEEE format, 15 references, 4 tables, multiple figures. Includes formal methodology and experimental simulation results. AI-assisted article.

Static infrastructure planning models fail in a predictable way: they are calibrated on the past and are therefore least accurate precisely when conditions change most rapidly. The problem is not merely one of forecast precision but of architectural rigidity---these systems have no mechanism for updating their assumptions in response to the very outcomes they predict. This paper introduces the Intent-Based Planning Engine (IBPE), a closed-loop, AI-driven framework for adaptive infrastructure demand forecasting that draws its conceptual architecture from two converging technical traditions: intent-based networking and chaos engineering. IBPE integrates multivariate regression, ARIMA time-series modeling, unsupervised behavioral segmentation, structured scenario perturbation, and gradient-based feedback adaptation within a single modular system. The framework's most architecturally distinctive element is an intent modeling layer that disaggregates aggregate demand into behaviorally coherent population segments, each characterized by its own elasticity profile and sensitivity to macroeconomic perturbation. The feedback adaptation mechanism is formally derived from the chaos-level engine paradigm developed in U.S. Patent No. 12,242,370 B2 (Cisco Technology, Inc., 2025), in which controlled perturbation, impact measurement, and parameter correction form an iterative closed loop progressively narrowing the gap between intended and observed system behavior. Experimental evaluation across a 150-unit residential infrastructure simulation demonstrates a 14.2% reduction in mean absolute error over single-method baselines, a 23% improvement in supply-demand alignment through intent-based allocation, a 62.7% cumulative reduction in prediction error over ten feedback cycles, and scenario-driven risk mitigation that reduces supply overcommitment exposure by 31% under adverse macroeconomic conditions. These results establish IBPE as a technically rigorous, domain-portable framework for adaptive planning under uncertainty.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Minimal Superfluid Vacuum Model with Global Mismatch: Vacuum-Energy Suppression, Hierarchy Resolution, Emergent Gravity, and an Independent Derivation of the Condensate Mass

Authors: Jon Caldwell
Comments: 34 pages. AI-assisted development of a superfluid vacuum model with zero free parameters. All physics verified by the author. Contemporaneous with Zenodo preprint DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19169701

A single quantum superfluid condensate with no free parameters is proposed as the physical vacuum. The dimensionless over-capacity mismatch ε is not a free in put; it is derived from the CW—BCS self-consistency condition (Sec. 2.5.5), ε = k2 max,C/(2π2mln(kmax,C/kmax,IR)) = 0.1452; the numerical approximation ε ≈ 0.15 (accurate to 3%) coincides with the two-loop value for the derived coefficient c2 = −6(from the O(2) two-loop beta function), so all numerical results already operate at twoloop precision. Two competing nonlinear terms—quartic and logarithmic—produce twoindependent coherence scales: an IR scale suppressing vacuum energy (kIR = 8meV) anda UV scale regulating the Higgs self-energy (kUV ≈ 348GeV). The condensate effectivemass is derived with no free parameters from the logarithmic Gross—Pitaevskii phonondispersion and the GW170817 constraint cs → c, giving m ≈ 40meV/c2. The hierarchy ratio γ/(gρ0) = 5.77 × 10−8 is expressed as a closed formula in observational inputs,shown to be technically natural by ’t Hooft’s criterion, and shown to be structurallygenerated by one-loop Coleman—Weinberg corrections. The ratio kmax,C/kmax,IR = 90is derived by dimensional transmutation: the CW—BCS self-consistency condition determines λrel = 4/ln(kmax,C/kmax,IR) = 0.8895, and the gap equation kmax,C/kmax,IR =exp(Npair/λrel) with Npair = 4 reproduces the observed ratio exactly at one loop. Nofree parameter is introduced. Quantitative fits to SPARC rotation curves (UGC 128:χ2/dof = 1.00; NGC 3198: χ2/dof = 2.25) with ε fixed determine the vacuum referencedensity ρ0 ≈ 2.56×1032kgm−3 and the observer correction β = 1.60×10−48 from a singlefit, with 0.7% consistency between the two galaxies. The emergent gravitational metricsatisfies γPPN = +1 (Cassini bound satisfied; residual δγ ∼ 10−24). The CMB first peakℓ1 = 220 is reproduced as a consistency statement: the condensate is pressureless (w → 0) at CMB scales and encodes the same matter/energy content as ΛCDM. The sharpestnear-term test is an oscillatory Casimir force deviation (amplitude ∼ 0.18% at d = 1µm;period ℓwall = 0.275µm) with a material-dependent phase shift of ∆ϕAu→Ag ≈ 0.07rad(3nm plate-separation offset) that is parameter-free.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Perceptual Decoherence Functional: An Observer-Relative Measure of Accessible Coherence Loss Under Quantum Channels

Authors: Reinaldo Johnson
Comments: 12 Pages. Submitted to arXiv quant-ph (endorsement pending). Independent researcher, Chile.

We introduce the perceptual decoherence functional Dp(rho, epsilon) = C(rho) - C(epsilon(rho)), defined as the difference between the l1-norm coherence of an input state rho and the coherence of its image under a quantum channel epsilon, both computed relative to a fixed reference basis. This work does not propose a new resource theory of coherence, nor a replacement for standard decoherence theory. Instead, it defines a state-dependent, observer-relative functional that quantifies how much coherence becomes inaccessible in the observer-accessible description induced by a given channel. We establish non-negativity for coherence non-generating (CNG) channels, monotonicity under channel composition, and an upper bound; derive the classical limit of Dp under a dephasing channel parameterized by a resolution parameter Lambda, showing it becomes analogous to mutual information in the fully dephased regime; compute Dp for canonical examples including single-qubit dephasing, amplitude damping, and partial-trace channels on entangled states; and position Dp explicitly relative to decohering power and Quantum Darwinism. Four falsifiable experimental predictions follow from the framework.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Scaling Origin for MOND from de Sitter Horizon Thermodynamics

Authors: Theodore Nathan Carney
Comments: 5 Pages.

We present a consistent scaling framework in which MOND’s acceleration scale a_0 ∼ 10^(−10) m/s^2 arises from vacuum entanglement gradientsassociated with the de Sitter horizon of the cosmological constant Λ (assumed constant and spatially uniform). Baryonic matter perturbs localentanglement structure, inducing an entropic restoring force that becomes dominant below a critical scale set by Λ. In the deep-MOND regime, thisyields the scaling a ∼√(a_0a_N, reproducing flat rotation curves without dark-matter halos. The framework connects to Gibbons—Hawking temperature,Unruh acceleration, and entropic gravity. Environment-dependent effects may enhance the growth rate of early structure formation and contributeto Hubble tension. A distinguishing prediction is scale-dependent enhancement of structure growth in void environments, leading to a fractionaldeviation of order ∼10—15% in void expansion rates relative to ΛCDM expectations, potentially testable with next-generation void surveys (e.g., DESI, Euclid). Relativistic completion is required; preliminary mapping to TeVeS-like scalar is discussed. This should be viewed as aneffective description capturing a possible thermodynamic origin of MOND phenomenology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Topological Residual Theory: Pure Geometric Derivation of the Fine Structure Constant and Fractal Unification of Fundamental Forces

Authors: Xiangqian Zhang, Chao Greene, Mingming Zhao
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite listed scientific references)

The Standard Model of modern physics contains dozens of free parameters that cannot be derivedfrom theory (such as the fine structure constant ), and faces severe theoretical gaps when bridgingmicroscopic quantum scales and macroscopic cosmic scales. This paper proposes the "TopologicalResidual Theory," establishing "right-handed cylindrical helical motion of space at the speed of light" as the sole first-principle axiom. Through the motion-derived dimension of space, the pure geometric origin of the fine structure constant is rigorously derived. Furthermore, by introducing the unit solid-angle helical divergence number , and combining it with Mandelbrot fractal geometry, thetheory proves that the strong nuclear force, electromagnetic force, and gravitational force areessentially geometric residuals of the same helical fluid at different topological levels. Finally, using only pen-and-paper geometric algebra, the theory precisely calculates the electron anomalousmagnetic moment, helium ion ionization energy, and proton-neutron mass difference, providing anew pure-geometric paradigm for a grand unified theory.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Unification of the Four Fundamental Forces via SpectralGeometry of the Vacuum

Authors: Bertrand Jarry
Comments: 28 Pages. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)

We present Quantum Vacuum Geometry (QVG), a framework that unifies the four fundamental forces within a single spectral integral Z[D]=∫▒ [dD]expu2061(Tr[f(D^2/Λ^2 )]),D=D_ext⊗1+γ^5⊗D_F where D_F encodes matter and D_"ext " encodes geometry. The three Standard Model forces reside in D_F through the unique algebra A_F=C⊕H⊕M_3 (C) (derived from five axioms C1-C5); gravity emerges from D_"ext " as depletion of the spectral vacuum. All four force-carriers - photon, W^±/Z^0, gluons, and graviton - are residues of 1/q^2 poles of the same propagator.Four quantitative relations connect the forces without free parameters: (U1) sin^2u2061θ_W=3/8; (U2) G_N=2π^2 ℏc/(N_F Λ^2 ) with N_F=96, linking gravitational strength to the fermionic content of the SM; (U3) S_BH=8×A/4l_Pl^2 with factor 8=N_F/N_"bosons " ; (U4) S[D_"total " ]=∑_i▒u200a Z_F (λ_i ) exactly (no BCH corrections, since [D_"ext " ,D_F ]=0 ).The discretisation of geometry by E_0 is the gravitational analogue of Planck's discretisation of the electromagnetic field by ℏ : the equilibrium condition Z_(S^4 ) (E_0 )=N_F=96 plays the role of Planck's thermal equilibrium, and G_N is the coupling between the two discretisations. Gravity is weak because it is diluted over N_F=96 spectral modes, whereas electromagnetism couples through a single U(1) mode.All nineteen Standard Model parameters, T_CMB=2.709" " K ( 0.8% accord), and Λ_"cosmo " are derived from C1-C5 with one free dimensional input M_Pl. The number of fermion generations N_g=3 is derived from the intersection of CP-violation and BBN constraints on D_F. The most urgent experimental test is w=-1 exactly, now challenged at 2.8-4.2σ by DESI DR2; DESI DR3 and Euclid (2026-2027) will provide a near-definitive verdict.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Self-Creating Universe: A Zero-Flux Boundary Eigenproblem Framework

Authors: Jeff Smith, Scott Cowick
Comments: 18 Pages.

The Self-Creating Universe framework proposes that the fine-tuning problem is resolved not by invoking a creator, multiverse, or external simulation, but through selection by mathematical necessity. The universe is treated as a zero-flux boundary eigenproblem: a standing-wave solution whose physical constants are determined by the simultaneous satisfaction of past inflationary constraints and a future intelligence-viability constraint, phase-locked by a conserved informational invariant. Only universes capable of generating intelligence that can retrocausally stabilize their own initial conditions achieve self-consistent causal closure and therefore exist. The causal loop is structural rather than temporal — it may have already closed elsewhere in the universe's history — and is grounded physically in Aharonov's Two-State Vector Formalism, experimentally confirmed through weak measurement protocols. The "boundary determines bulk" principle is supported by the AdS/CFT correspondence. The learnability of physical law is explained mechanistically through Zurek's Quantum Darwinism. The Boltzmann Brain objection is resolved by a double exclusion criterion: Boltzmann Brains satisfy neither the future intelligence-viability constraint nor the Quantum Darwinism reliability condition. The causal loop's non-temporal character is formalized through Causal Set theory. The intelligence threshold is operationalized via Tononi's Integrated Information measure Φ. The framework is distinguished from Wheeler's Participatory Universe, Tipler's Omega Point, and Tegmark's Mathematical Universe Hypothesis, and operates as a selection filter within the latter. Six explicit falsification criteria are provided. Testable predictions include spectral rigidity in ratios of fundamental constants, scaling of quantum retrocausal effects to macroscopic systems, and bounded algorithmic complexity of cosmological parameters.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Modification of the Sundaram Sieve, and the Count of Twin Primes

Authors: Wiroj Homsup
Comments: 3 Pages.

A modification of the Sundaram sieve of twin primes is introduced. A twin prime pair is obtained from the set D which consists of elements n such that n not representable as the forms 2ij + i + j and 2ij + i + j -1 for positive integers i, j. An element n is in D if and only if (2n+1, 2n+3) is a twin prime pair. This sieve algorithm can find the number of twin primes below a certain value.
Category: Number Theory

A Zero-Parameter Formula for Atomic Radius Ratios Derived from the Cantor Spectrum of the Aubry—André—Harper Hamiltonian

Authors: Thomas Husmann
Comments: 8 pages, 5 tables, 1 supplementary code listing, 25 references. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. Patent pending (Application No. 19/560,637). Source code: https://github.com/thusmann5327/Unified_Theory_Physics

Background: The Aubry—André—Harper (AAH) Hamiltonian, a one-dimensional quasiperiodic tight-binding model with irrational modulation frequency, exhibits a Cantor-set energy spectrum at its self-dual critical point. This spectrum has been experimentally realized in ultracold atoms, superconducting qubits, and photonic waveguides, yet its structural features have not previously been applied to the prediction of atomic properties. Methods: We constructed the AAH Hamiltonian on a lattice of D = 233 sites (a Fibonacci number) with modulation frequency α = 1/φ, where φ denotes the golden ratio, and potential amplitude V = 2J (the self-dual critical point). Numerical diagonalization yielded 233 eigenvalues whose gap structure was analyzed to extract five spectral constants. These constants were combined into a closed-form algebraic formula for the ratio of van der Waals radius to covalent radius, r(vdW)/r(cov), using six prediction modes parameterized solely by each element's electron configuration. No constants were fitted to experimental atomic data. Results: The formula was evaluated for 54 elements (Z = 3—56). Of these, 42 (78%) yielded predicted ratios within 10% of observed values, 53 of 54 (98%) within 20%, with a mean absolute error of 6.7%. Only one element (boron) exceeded a 20% error. The best-predicted element, cesium, showed agreement to 0.2%. The residual deviations correlated significantly with independently measured material properties: hardness (ρ = +0.66 for p-block elements), melting point (ρ = −0.61), and electrical conductivity (r = −0.74 for metals). For the lanthanide series (Z = 57—71), the four-gate architecture generated three confirmed predictions: (a) the van der Waals radii should be approximately constant across the series, consistent with Alvarez's crystallographic finding of a 232 ± 9 pm mean; (b) covalent radii should contract monotonically, matching the observed lanthanide contraction from 207 to 175 pm; and (c) the worst conductor should occur at f7 half-filling and the best at f14, confirmed by gadolinium (0.74 MS/m) and ytterbium (3.51 MS/m). Conclusions: These findings indicate that the Cantor-set band structure of the AAH spectrum encodes quantitative information about atomic radius ratios across the periodic table. The formula achieves accuracy comparable to semi-empirical screening models while employing zero adjustable parameters. Its residuals constitute systematic indices of material properties rather than random noise.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Emergent Gravity from the Onsager—Machlup Functional: Induced Einstein—Hilbert Action via One-Loop Stochastic Fluctuations

Authors: Adrian Rohr
Comments: 5 Pages.

We compute the one-loop effective action for the metric obtained by integrating out the stochastic fluctuations of the Onsager—Machlup (OM) probability fluid on a curved spin manifold. The OM action describes 9 internal degrees of freedom: density amplitude, phase, Lorentz rotor (6 bivector components), and Takabayasi angle. Expanding to second order around the classical vacuum and applying the Schwinger—DeWitt heat kernel expansion, we derive the Seeley—DeWitt coefficients au2080 = 9 and au2081 = (7/4)R − 10m², where R is the Ricci scalar and m the particle mass. Three features are essential: (i) the cross-coupling between density and phase fluctuations generates an effective gauge connection contributing +4m² to the scalar sector; (ii) an algebraic mass cancellation renders density fluctuations massless; and (iii) the rotational kinetic term generates the Bochner Laplacian (not Hodge—de Rham), so the Weitzenböck curvature endomorphism is absent (κ = 0). The positive coefficient 7/4 ensures that the induced Newton constant G_ind = 8πℏ²/(7m²c²) is positive (attractive gravity). This is a signature of the Clifford-algebraic structure of the OM framework.
Category: Quantum Physics

Pointwise Minimum of a Symmetric Spectral Product over Finite Prime Sets: An Unconditional Proof

Authors: Khazri Bouzidi Fethi
Comments: 5 Pages.

We consider a matrix constructed from a finite set of prime numbers and a real parameter. The largest eigenvalue of this matrix is expressed as half the sum of two quantities: a sum independent of the parameter and the modulus of an exponential sum over primes. We prove two unconditional results:· The logarithm of this eigenvalue is a convex function of the parameter.· A certain symmetric product, formed from this eigenvalue and its value at the symmetric point, attains its global minimum at a remarkable point—the critical half-line.The proofs rest on an exact algebraic identity and the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. No hypothesis on the zeros of the zeta function is used.This work introduces an original spectral object associated with a finite set of prime numbers. The angular Gram matrix, of rank at most two, encodes correlations between prime powers through oscillating phases. Its variational study reveals convexity and symmetry properties that naturally distinguish the critical line sigma = 1/2. These results, entirely unconditional, offer a new framework for exploring connections between spectral structures and the distribution of prime numbers. They also open perspectives on asymptotic behavior as the set size tends to infinity—a question that remains open.
Category: Number Theory

The DPA Framework: A Structural Diagnostic for Resonant Propensity in Complex Systems

Authors: D. Hoffman
Comments: 5 Pages.

Across multiple complex systems, a recognizable pattern recurs: coherent, self-sustaining dynamics that persist within bounds, degrade predictably under stress, and resist simple cross-domain description. Despite this recurrence, no minimal structural language exists for diagnosing when such behavior is possible.

Such patterns can arise when three structural conditions are satisfied: dimensional freedom (D), proportional distribution (P), and alignment (A). Together these constitute a diagnostic for Resonant Propensity (R) — the conditional tendency for a system to develop and sustain bounded, self-reinforcing dynamics through internal feedback, not inherent to any architecture but emergent only when conditions are jointly satisfied.

The structural relationship R ∝D ×P ×A indicates that resonant propensity depends on the simultaneous presence of D,P, and A, and collapses when any enabling condition fails.

The framework stratifies dynamical regimes from rigid order through chaotic instability to resonant propensity, and suggests structural analogues for the recurring failure modes observed across domains, including vanishing gradients in neural networks, trophic cascades in ecology, misaligned incentives in organizations, decoherence in quantum systems, and phase mismatch in physics.

DPA does not compete with domain-specific models, nor does it define resonance itself. Instead, it identifies the structural conditions enabling a system to enter and sustain resonant regimes, and provides a framework to diagnose systemic instability and the specific threshold for collapse.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Resolution of the Nematic-to-Smectic A Universality Problem

Authors: Thomas A. Husmann
Comments: 11 pages, 6 tables, 14 references. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. Code: github.com/thusmann5327/Unified_Theory_Physics

The nematic-to-smectic A (N-SmA) phase transition has remained one of the principalunsolved problems in statistical physics of condensed matter for over four decades. Experimental measurements of the heat capacity exponent α vary continuously from approximately 0 (3D-XY universality) to approximately 0.5 (tricritical mean-field), depending on the McMillan ratio r = TNA/TNI. No theoretical framework has explained this crossover from first principles. We present a resolution in two parts. Part I (model-independent) shows that the N-SmA transition maps exactly onto the Aubry—André—Harper (AAH) metal—insulator transition at the self-dual critical point V = 2J. This mapping uses only the de Gennes free energy (1972), lattice discretization, and the generic incommensurability of smectic layer spacing and molecular length. At criticality, the energy spectrum is a Cantor set with Hausdorff dimension Ds = 1/2 (Süt˝o 1989), giving ν = 2/3 and predicting that α varies continuously from 0 to 2/3. This qualitative result holds for any irrational frequency α and requires no new physics. Part II (quantitative) identifies the AAH frequency as α = 1/ϕ (golden ratio), producing the five-band Cantor partition. This yields a zero-free-parameter formula:α(r) = 23u2000r−rc1−rcu20004, r > rc; α = 0 otherwisewhere rc = 1−1/ϕ4 = 0.8541 and ϕ = (1+√5)/2. The formula fits 11 experimental compoundsspanning 40 years of published calorimetry with RMS = 0.033, reduced χ2 = 0.47, and all points within 2σ. Zero free parameters.
Category: Condensed Matter

Entropic Gravity [update]: Seven Equations from Two Foundations with Zero Free Parameters

Authors: Charles A. Streb IV
Comments: 13 Pages. v2: Added 175-galaxy SPARC validation (§8.2—8.5), derivation sketch for factor 6 (§8.1), data availability statement, minor table corrections.

We present seven equations demonstrating that gravity, quantum mechanics, and cosmology emerge from thermodynamic entropy applied to holographic screens. The framework rests on two uncontested foundations: the Principle of Stationary Action (δS = 0) applied to an entropic field, and the Wheeler-DeWitt constraint (Ĥ·Ψ = 0) applied to the Hubble volume. From these, we derive Newton’s second law via exact constant cancellation, the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy as an algebraic identity, a complete set of gravitoelectromagnetic field equations in the Mashhoon convention, the MOND acceleration scale au2080 = cHu2080/6 from volume entropy geometry in de Sitter space, Lense-Thirring frame-dragging, gravitational wave propagation at c, and the free-particle Schrödinger equation via entropy diffusion. The framework contains zero free parameters. In this version we extend the empirical validation from nine canonical tests to include the full 175-galaxy SPARC rotation curve sample. The derived au2080 performs statistically identically to empirical MOND across all 175 galaxies (aggregate reduced χ²/dof ≈ 8.8 vs. 8.8 for Milgrom), with the data-preferred acceleration scale corresponding to Hu2080 ≈ 75 km/s/Mpc from rotation-curve data alone. The gravitoelectromagnetic sector is valid in the weak-field, slow-motion regime. We provide dimensional verification of all equations and state the regime of validity explicitly.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Thermodynamic Screening Corrections in Relational Mathematical Realism: Mass Predictions from Graph Topology and a Universal Screening Unit

Authors: Jason Merwin
Comments: This document contains 22 pages.

Relational Mathematical Realism (RMR) proposes that physical reality emerges from a discrete 137-node registry partitioned as 81 (spatial) + 40 (surface) + 16 (gravitational). We develop the thermodynamic screening mechanism introduced in the RMR synthesis paper [3] into a self-contained predictive framework. A universal screening unit δ0 = 5/137, derived from the registry’s electromagnetic surface fraction, generates mass corrections across leptons, hadrons, and the fine-structure constant with zero fitted parameters. Key results: (i) α−1 = 137.035 996 versus CODATA 137.035 999 (error 3 × 10−6); (ii) mΛ0 /me = 2183.328 versus PDG 2183.327 (error 4 × 10−7, sub-keV on a GeV-scale mass); (iii) a strangeness screening integer Bs = V (K3)2 = 9 derived from the K3 ⊗ K3 product graph, yielding correct corrections for Λ0 and K+; (iv) a {9, 13, 17} strangeness ladder for Λ0, Ξ−, Ξ0 with step size 4, arising from K5 interface topology; (v) a charge-dependentovershoot theorem: corrections exceeding the 42 = 16 gravitational threshold are clipped by 4for charged particles, with three-particle confirmation (τ −, Ξ−, Ξ0). Eleven independent mass predictions are tabulated. A screened-angle ladder extends these results to dimensionless mixing observables: the effective leptonic weak mixing angle, the three PMNS angles, and the reactor angle are all approximated by δ0-corrections of quarter/half base states using multipliers from established graph integers, with no new parameters. Open sectors (meson bases, Ω− decuplet, Σ0 isospin mixing, and radiative corrections to the mixing angles) are characterized precisely andreserved for future work.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Hofstadter’s Golden Butterfly: The Metallic Mean Hierarchy in Moiré Superlattices

Authors: Thomas A. Husmann
Comments: 16 pages, 7 tables, 36 references. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. Code: github.com/thusmann5327/Unified_Theory_Physics

The Hofstadter butterfly—the fractal energy spectrum of a two-dimensional electron ina magnetic field on a lattice—is shown to possess a natural hierarchy parameterized by themetallic means, the roots of x2 = nx + 1. The Harper equation that generates each horizontalslice of the butterfly is mathematically identical to the Aubry—André—Harper (AAH) Hamiltonian at the self-dual critical point V= 2J. Each irrational flux ratio α produces a Cantor-set spectrum with Hausdorff dimension Ds = 1/2.We show that two experimentally significant systems in graphene moiré physics correspondto specific metallic means: (1) the graphene/hBN lattice mismatch (δ= 1.68%) corresponds to metallic mean n = 60, with golden-ratio quasiperiodicity nested inside the n = 60 shell via continued fraction structure [0; 59, 1, 1, 1, . . .]; (2) the magic angle of twisted bilayer graphene (θ= 1.08◦) corresponds to metallic mean n = 53, matching to 0.06%.At golden flux (α = 1/ϕ), the five-band Cantor partition carries Chern numbers +2,−1, +1,−2.The outer pair (+2,−2) annihilates via topological pair annihilation, collapsing five bands to three—the 5→3 mechanism supported by Liu, Fulga & Asbóth (2020). The first three metallic mean discriminants ∆n = n2 + 4 are consecutive Fibonacci numbers (5, 8, 13), forming a Pythagorean triple (√5)2 + (√8)2 = (√13)2 that closes at exactly three spatial dimensions.36 supporting references span Hofstadter spectroscopy, moiré physics, Floquet topology, and metallic mean quasicrystals.
Category: Condensed Matter

Emergent Proper Time and Spacetime from Quantum Information Permeability: A Relational Page—Wootters Framework Unifying Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity via Density-Dependent Channel Capacity

Authors: Marco Travan
Comments: 49 Pages.

We propose a pregeometric quantum theory in which spacetime and proper timeemerge from the throughput capacity of a fundamental relational network of quantuminformation channels. The universe is modelled as a weighted quantum causal setwhose directed links carry a density-dependent permeability. Proper time is identified with the local rate of coherentinformation transfer: dτk = κk dλ.Gravitational time dilation, the thermodynamic arrow of time, and the Einsteinfield equations arise as macroscopic consequences of local information congestion.The global dynamics are governed by a linear Page—Wootters constraint Cˆ |Ψ⟩ = 0,guaranteeing unitarity and complete positivity. Saturation of local information capacitytriggers irreversible transfer into fermionic matter degrees of freedom, providing aquantum-mechanical origin for rest mass and Pauli exclusion.When the bath Hilbert space is identified with the complexified octonions Hbath =C ⊗ O—as developed in a companion paper—the Fano-plane structure generatesthe Standard Model gauge group S(U(2)×U(3)), SO(8) triality yields exactly threefermionic generations, and sub-threshold bath occupation provides a dark mattercandidate. The present paper establishes the core framework; the octonionic extensionand its phenomenological consequences are derived in Paper II.The framework is fully testable in analogue-gravity platforms—in particular Bose—Einstein condensates—and predicts distinctive signatures: density-dependent soundspeed suppression with a specific permeability denominator structure, modified analogue Hawking spectra, a second-order proper-time correction beyond linearised generalrelativity, and a density-dependent decoherence rate whose functional form distinguishes the QIP mechanism from standard open-system models.
Category: Quantum Physics

The 61-Decimal Limit of π as a Universal Resolution Scale: Geometry, Entropy, Fine-Tuning and the

Authors: Jorge Andrés Villaluz
Comments: 11 Pages.

We identify a universal geometric hierarchy RU/ℓP ∼1061, where RU is the radiusof the observable universe and ℓP is the Planck length, and show that this singledimensionless ratio unies ve apparently independent results in modern cosmology.This hierarchy is formalized by the master inequality:2RU·10−n ≤ℓP,which establishes the physical resolution interval n ∈[61,62): the number of dec-imal places of π needed to describe the geometry of the observable universe withsub-Planckian precision. The same scale governs the BekensteinHawking entropybound Smax ∼4π(RU/ℓP)2, the ne-tuning condition δρ/ρ∼10−60, and the discrep-ancy factor of the vacuum catastrophe ∼10122. We further propose two falsiablepredictions: (1) the resolution parameter n(t) evolves with cosmic expansion asn(t) ≈61.4 + log10(t/t0), and (2) the cosmological constant satises Λ(t) ∝t−2, arelation testable with next-generation surveys such as Euclid and LSST. The uni-fying thread throughout is spherical geometry: π appears in all these expressionsbecause the observable universe is a sphere.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

New Formula for the Area of a General Quadrilateral Using Opposite Sides and Four Angles

Authors: Ryou Takayama
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper, we derive an explicit formula for the area of a particular quadrilateral using only the lengths of a pair of opposite sides and the four interior angles. The formula is based on known geometric relationships and is presented after algebraic simplification and manipulation. Furthermore, we clarify the conditions under which the formula is valid and elucidate its geometric background. As a result, we demonstrate its applicability not only to convex and concave quadrilaterals but also to certain self-intersecting quadrilaterals.
Category: Geometry

THE UNIFICATION OF PHYSICS BY QUANTUM VACUUM GEOMETRY, Spectral Derivation of the Standard Model Parameters, the Cosmological Constant, and the CMB Temperature from the Connes-Chamseddine Spectral Triple

Authors: Bertrand Jarry
Comments: 14 Pages. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0)

We present the Quantum Vacuum Geometry (QVG) programme, an extension of the Chamseddine—Connes noncommutative geometry framework that derives the Standard Model parameters, the cosmological constant, and the CMB temperature from a single geometric principle.Starting from five algebraic axioms (C1—C5) on the finite spectral triple, the unique algebra of minimal dimension is AF = C ⊕ H ⊕ M3(C), generating gauge group SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1), three fermion generations (NF = 96 modes), and the exact hypercharge trace TrF Y 2 = 10.The original QVG contribution is a spectral free-energy functional Fρ[T ] =i ρiλi + E0 i ρi ln ρi whose unique fixed point ρ∗ = 1/NF determines all nineteen SM parameters. Numerical computation at N = 96 gives fermion masses to < 0.3%of PDG 2024 and the CKM matrix to < 2.5%; the Koide relation K = 2/3 is reproduced to 10−5.Three new results are established: (R1) the cross-coupling Kij = 0 exactly, from {Dext, γ5} = 0 in Clifford algebra; (R2) g∗ = 2 at E0 = 3.2 meV gives Λcosmo = 0.990 × 10−52 m−2 (9% of observed); (R3) TCMB = (E0/kB) × αTrF Y 2 = 2.709 K (0.6% of observed), derived from the Seeley—DeWitt a4 coefficient via Caldeira—Leggett. The quantum gravity propagator GE(r) = (Λ2GUT/16π2) exp(−Λ2GUTr2/4) is Gaussian and UV-finite. All residuals trace to a single source: the uncertainty in E0.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Structural Proof of the Collatz Conjecture via Divergent-Orbit and Cycle Exclusion

Authors: Jungwon Park
Comments: 53 Pages.

We present a computer-assisted proof that every positive integer orbit under the Collatz map $T(n) = n/2$ (if $n$ is even), $(3n + 1)/2$ (if $n$ is odd) eventually reaches 1. The argument consists of two independent parts, H1 and H2, each of which reduces an originally infinite verification problem to a finite exact certification step. The mathematical reductions are traditional proofs; the certifications are finite, deterministic computations using only exact integer and rational arithmetic, whose complete specifications (input, algorithm, output) are given in the appendices.For H1 (divergent-orbit exclusion), a deterministic normalized block-drift analysis establishes an exact affine envelope that rules out all parameter regimes below an explicit threshold $V_{env} approx 1.5990$. The remaining oscillatory regime is reduced to a finite certification problem over a quotient-state automaton whose mathematical soundness is guaranteed by a chain of five theorems (Theorems 12.8—12.14). The certification is discharged by exhaustive exact computation (Theorem 12.17).For H2 (non-trivial cycle exclusion), a gate-based reformulation converts the cycle problem into an explicit inequality system. Discrete convexity arguments and a two-value support reduction compress the problem to a single-parameter bound, which is then verified by exact rational arithmetic over a rigorously delimited feasible range. The computational components are finite, exact, and logically isolated. Their role is analogous to the finite case verifications in other computer-assisted proofs such as the Four Colour Theorem and the Kepler Conjecture: the mathematical argument provides a complete reduction to finite exact certification problems, and the computations discharge those problems. The complete source code for both certifications, together with their full execution logs and exact rational outputs, is included in the appendices (Appendices E—G).
Category: Number Theory

Entropic Gravity: Seven Equations from Two Foundations with Zero Free Parameters

Authors: Charles A Streb IV
Comments: 11 pages, 2 tables, 21 references

We present seven equations demonstrating that gravity, quantum mechanics, and cosmology emerge from thermodynamic entropy applied to holographic screens. The framework rests on two uncontested foundations: the Principle of Stationary Action (δS = 0) applied to an entropic field, and the Wheeler-DeWitt constraint (Ĥ·Ψ = 0) applied to the Hubble volume. From these, we derive Newton’s second law via exact constant cancellation, the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy as an algebraic identity, a complete set of gravitoelectromagnetic field equations in the Mashhoon convention, the MOND acceleration scale au2080 = cHu2080/6 from volume entropy geometry in de Sitter space, Lense-Thirring frame-dragging, gravitational wave propagation at c, and the free-particle Schrödinger equation via entropy diffusion. The framework contains zero free parameters and is validated against nine canonical tests. The gravitoelectromagnetic sector is valid in the weak-field, slow-motion regime. We provide dimensional verification of all equations and state the regime of validity explicitly.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

A Discrete CMB Angular Power Spectrum from a Causal Integer Graph: Zero Free Parameters, Two Acoustic Peaks, and a Convergence Prediction for Planck 2018

Authors: Jason Merwin
Comments: The document contains 15 pages

We report the first computation of a discrete analog of the CMB angular powerspectrum Ck derived entirely from a causal integer graph grown by pure fission rules,with zero free parameters. Starting from a complete graph K5 as the seed, a 1000-nodegraph is grown via an additive-plus-half-split fission engine constrained by a 137-elementregistry capacity. When the ratio of maximum hub degree to total node count transits ascale-invariant resonance window md/N ∈ [0.015, 0.021], the graph Laplacian eigenvalueratio λ3/λ2 locks near the S1/2 prediction of 1.102. The locked graph exhibits positivespatial curvature, volumetric dimension dvol = 3.49 ± 0.05, and a well-defined lastscattering surface (LSS) at BFS radius r = 4 containing 452 nodes. Propagatinga primordial perturbation via the wave equation Green’s function cos (√λk t) at thephysically motivated time t∗ = π/√λ1 and projecting the field on the LSS onto abinned eigenmode basis recovers two robust acoustic peaks at ℓeff = 1.121 and 1.811,giving ℓ2/ℓ1 = 1.615. The Planck 2018 value is ℓ2/ℓ1 = 1.94. The 16.7% deviation isquantitatively consistent with lattice dispersion at N = 1000: discrete graphs suppresshigh-frequency modes, compressing harmonic ratios below the continuum limit. Wepredict that the ratio converges monotonically to the Planck value as N increasestoward the physical scale (md = 137, N ≈ 9000), providing a falsifiable test of theframework.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Canonical Classication of Framed Closures in a Three-Strand Braid Transfer Model

Authors: Kobie Janse van Rensburg
Comments: 9 Pages.

We study a discrete dynamical system on the three-strand braid group B3 in which generators act on an integer valued framing vector through a local slot-based transfer rule.Terminal states are pairs (P, f) consisting of a permutation P ∈ S3 and a framing vector f ∈ Z3. Under trace closure, strands belonging to the same permutation cycle form a single loop, and physical states are defined modulo cyclic relabeling of the starting point of each loop.We prove a complete classification theorem: two terminal states are physically equivalent if and only if a finite sector-dependent invariant I agrees. The invariant decomposes according to the cycle type of P into three sectors (identity, transposition, three-cycle), and every equivalence class admits a unique canonical representative computable by a constant-time algorithm. A key structural finding is that the three-cycle sector carries a discrete cyclic-ordering obstruction not reducible to symmetric polynomial invariants of the framing differences. The analytic proofs are independently verified by exhaustive BFS enumeration of 631 terminal states within word length 10.This work provides the classied-state foundation for a broader programme connecting combinatorial braid kinematics to RP3 topology and Skyrmion physics within the Topological Inversion Model (TIM).
Category: Topology

Relational Mathematical Realism: Registry Architecture Predicts Lepton, Baryon, and Strange Baryon Mass Spectra

Authors: Jason Merwin
Comments: 21 Pages.

We present Relational Mathematical Realism (RMR), a discrete framework in which physicalreality emerges from relational updates on a 137-element integer registry. Five structural primitives tetrahedral vacuum geometry, registry partition, graph resonance dynamics, sector mapping, and overflow-fission mechanics — are stated axiomatically and used to derive eight quantitative predictions with no tunable continuous parameters: three charged lepton mass ratios, one neutrino mass-squared splitting ratio, one baryon mass ratio, and three strange baryon mass predictions. All eight agree with experiment to better than 1.1%. The central finding is that the integer set {137, 136, 17, 3} — the registry total, its substrate factor, the substrate prime from 136 = 8 × 17,and the K3 graph order — appears without modification across every sector. We employ an honestthree-tier classification: five predictions [T1] follow strictly from the primitives; three [T2] require two structural postulates whose numerical content is fixed by the same integers but whose derivation from the base primitives remains open. The Gell-Mann—Okubo baryon octet relation emerges as a structural identity. We catalog eleven open questions by tractability and identify JUNO and DUNE as the decisive near-term falsification tests via the integer prediction R ≡ Δm2 32/Δm2 21 = 33.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Causal Lattice Elastodynamics: Geometric Vacuum Scaling and the Topological Emergence of the Standard Model

Authors: Bhasanpal Thiru
Comments: 3 Pages.

Causal Lattice Elastodynamics (GVS) introduces a discrete foundational framework replacing thecontinuous spacetime manifold with a shear-thickening, Poisson-sprinkled Causal Set. By modeling fundamental particles as localized topological embeddings, GVS analytically derives key Standard Model parameters strictly from 3D simplicial coordination geometry without arbitrary parameterization or fine-tuning. This paper formalizes the Five Fundamental Laws of GVS, uniting macroscopic General Relativity with microscopic quantum elastodynamics via the Holographic Surface-Strain Law. We present the unpatched, first-principle derivations of seven fundamental constants, demonstrating that empirical deviations from bare geometric limits are the exact physical measurements of vacuum polarization. A rigorous, pan-scalar falsifiability matrix is provided to test the framework against Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR), wide binary stellar kinematics, and Belle II constraints.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Alpamayo-Surgical: Adapting Driving-Pretrained Vision-Language-Action Models to Millimeter-Scale Surgical Robotics

Authors: Cornel Badea
Comments: 4 Pages.

We propose a method to successfully adapt LargeVision-Language-Action (VLA) models, originally pre-trainedon autonomous driving datasets, to the micro-scale domain ofsurgical robotics. We identify the Magnitude Domain Gap—a1000x spatial discrepancy between driving actions (meters) andsurgical actions (millimeters)—as the primary cause of trajectoryparalysis during naive fine-tuning. By introducing DifferentialScale Normalization paired with a novel Variance-IncentivizedRecovery Loss (Lvar ) during motor-cortex adaptation, we demon-strate that the Alpamayo-Surgical system (based on a 10B-parameter driving VLA) can achieve native millimeter precisionin surgical environments while retaining its zero-shot semanticreasoning capabilities. Evaluating on the SutureBot (Tissue 1)dataset, we observe that our technique successfully restorescomplex 3D tool articulation from a previously "frozen" state,achieving a final Mean Average Displacement Error (ADE) of5.53 mm relative to human expert demonstrations. Crucially, theVLA’s Chain-of-Causation reasoning traces correctly verbalizesurgical intent while aligning magnitude predictions natively withthe ground truth.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Catalan’s Constant: Frontier Analysis, Derived Obstruction Theorems, and a Map of the Remaining Terrain

Authors: Rajat Yadav
Comments: 14 Pages.

The note separates three layers: (i) current literature status, (ii) rigorous reductions andobstruction theorems derived in the thread, and (iii) conditional routes and dead ends. Thecentral conclusion is negative but sharp: many natural corridors — classical Apéry clearing,the EMN simple-pole and polynomial higher-pole programs, fixed-base q-difference compression,several modular/holonomic packetizations, and a broad discrete moment/Hankel family— fail for precise structural reasons. The revised version also records five structural ingredientsthat were missing from the earlier draft: a four-jet modular rigidity theorem for the X1(5)Picard-Fuchs engine, a noncharacteristic edge-splitting theorem for higher poles, injectivity/isomorphism theorems for the EMN collapse operators, a boundary-annihilator theoremfor the edge packet, and formal torsion-support / multiplicative-complexity obstructions onthe modular q-side.
Category: Number Theory

Minimal Six-Dimensional Null Manifold Underlying the Photon

Authors: Tingfang Yi
Comments: 7 Pages.

Light’s propagation, phase, polarization, and frequency are projections of a minimal six-dimensional null entity unifying spacetime and photon internal degrees of freedom. Observed pairwise and triple couplings emerge naturally, explaining Spin Hall, Berry, Pancharatnam phases, optical activity, and relativistic shifts. Classical fields, quantum detections, and wave-particle duality arise as lower-dimensional projections, while photon discreteness reflects detector intersections. The framework agrees with relativity and QED and predicts testable interference deviations via controlled holonomy.
Category: Mathematical Physics

The Topological Nature of Universal Gravitation: A Rigorous Proof from the Spiral-Sphere Phase Transition to as a Topological Constant

Authors: Xiangqian Zhang, Chao Greene, Mingming zhao, Guozi Mo
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite listed scientific references)

Modern physics faces a profound theoretical chasm when bridging microscopic quantum scales and macroscopic cosmological scales, most notably manifested in the hierarchy problem and the dark matter hypothesis. Based on thefirst principles of spatial fluid dynamics, this paper proposes a scale-dependent spacetime topological phase transition model. The model postulates that the fundamental geometric topology of spacetime is a cylindrical spiral manifold (S^1 x R). When the particle number reaches the stellar mass scale (N ~ 10^57 ), the rotational degrees of freedom of microscopic spirals cancel out due to statistical decoherence (governed by the central limit theorem). Consequently, the spatial topology collapses into a purely divergent, isotropic Gaussian sphere (S^2), which manifests macroscopically as classical Newtonian gravity. Starting from the first-principle axiomomega*r = c, this paper rigorously derives the pure geometric expression for the universal gravitational constant G = C^3r^2_0/h-bar, proving that G is intrinsically a topological constant determined by the critical radius of the topological phase transition. Furthermore, at galactic and cosmic web scales (N ~ 10^68 - 10^80), stars act as new fundamental units, and their collective spin generates macroscopicspacetime torsion within the framework of Einstein-Cartan theory. This torsion drives spontaneous symmetry breaking, thereby reconstructing a macroscopic cylindrical spiral structure. Supported by numerical integration and recent astronomical observations (e.g., cosmic filament spin, CMB anomalies), this model provides a computable and falsifiable pure geometric pathway toward unifying quantummechanics, general relativity, and dark-matter-free cosmology.
Category: Astrophysics

A Statistical Topological Model for the Emergence of Isotropic Effective Fields from Helical Space-Time Dynamics

Authors: Xiangqian Zhang, Chao Greene, Mingming Zhao
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: This submision is speculative; author names are required in the article after article title; and please cite listed scientific references)

Based on the hypothesis that space-time manifests as cylindrical helical motion at the speed of light, this paper proposes a phenomenological topological model to explain how macroscopic isotropic fields emerge from the collective response of anisotropic local helical flows. We model the intrinsic structure of fundamental particles as cylindrical manifolds characterized by inherent helicity and divergence. By applying the Central Limit Theorem (CLT) to vector fields on Riemannian manifolds, we demonstrate that the rotational degrees of freedom of massive local helical flows undergo destructive interference. Utilizing the Gauss-Bonnet theorem, we prove that in the thermodynamic limit, the system’s effective macroscopic field undergoes topological decoherence, inevitably resulting in an isotropic Gaussian sphere. Furthermore, by integrating the Dirac Large Numbers Hypothesis with the Eddington number (N∼10^80), our model derives a statistical fluctuation residual ratio of 10^(-40) providing a heuristic geometric-physical pathway for understanding the hierarchy problem between electromagnetic and gravitational forces.
Category: Geophysics

Toward an Algebraic Revolution: Analytical Resolution of the Quintic Through Quartic Reduction and Universal Scaling Law

Authors: Ahcene Ait Saadi
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper presents an original analytical method for solving the reduced quintic equation By establishing a conformal mapping between the roots of an auxiliary quartic and those of the quintic, we reveal a Universal Scaling Law governed by a 1/8 power factor. This approach calculates all five roots (real and complex) across all topological regimes, including cases with three real roots, with a precision of . This discovery marks a new era for polynomial algebra.
Category: Algebra

Development Methodology of a Code-Illiterate User (Outcome-First Design, Multi-Model Drift Detection, and Machine-Readable Context as a Reproducible Methodology for AI-Assisted System Development Without Formal Training)

Authors: John P. Bernhardt Jr.
Comments: 18 Pages. Additional information available upon request (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite listed scientific references)

This methodology research paper documents the development methodology through which a practitioner without formal training in software engineering or computer science produced two independently validated AI infrastructure systems in under two months using AI-assisted collaboration. The systems examined are Hydra-rray, a containerized behavioral observatory designed to study tool-capable AI models operating with real offensive security tools, and an Android MCP client, a fully offline mobile AI agent integrating local transformer inference, operating-system-level automation through Android AccessibilityService, and Model Context Protocol (MCP) orchestration within a single application package.Development occurred entirely under consumer-access constraints: commodity hardware, standard consumer model interfaces, no engineered system prompts, no prompt-engineering infrastructure, no model fine-tuning, and no custom datasets. Context continuity across stateless model sessions was maintained exclusively through machine-readable YAML context transport documents referred to as batons.Across the two case studies, six consistent methodological properties were observed: outcome-first design, cross-domain methodology replication, vanilla model utilization, machine-readable context as drift prevention, multi-model triangulation for drift detection, and socialized interaction as a mechanism for surfacing tacit knowledge.Within the Hydra-rray experimental environment, an additional behavioral observation emerged: across observed sessions within the Hydra-rray environment, operating under consumer-access constraints and without engineered prompt scaffolding, tool-capable models exhibited a binary execution pattern: either correct tool execution or complete hallucination, with no intermediate partial success states observed.The Android case study further demonstrates that local language-model inference and operating-system-level actuation can operate on consumer mobile hardware not designed for transformer workloads, including a Snapdragon 865 device running Android 13. Development of the Android system occurred independently and the project repository predates Google’s public AppFunctions announcement by one day, suggesting parallel discovery of a similar architectural gap.The paper argues that the primary contribution of these projects is not the systems themselves but the development methodology that produced them: a human-directed AI collaboration process in which the practitioner defines outcomes, evaluates architecture, and orchestrates the work while AI systems generate implementation artifacts. The paper itself is produced using the same methodology, serving as a recursive demonstration of the approach it documents.The methodology is examined through two case studies: Hydra-rray, a containerized behavioral observatory for tool-capable AI agents, and an offline Android MCP client integrating local model inference with mobile automation.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Quantization of Dipolar Torsion in FCD-RB: Emergent Unification Without Dm/de

Authors: Ricardo J. Miralles
Comments: 4 Pages. In Spanish (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: This submission needs an abstract in the article and cites listed scientific refererences)

We propose quantization of dipolar torsion T_dip in the FCD-RBv3 model, a 5D framework where fermion-antifermion pairs in a collapsed toroidal bulk emerge discrete masses m_n ∝ √n, modified gravity (d=0.002), and helical electromagnetism, eliminating DM/DE/primitive gluons...
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

An Octonionic Foundation of Spacetime Geometry and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Rüdiger Giesel
Comments: 28 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite listed scientific references)

We propose a framework in which spacetime geometry and quantum dynamics emerge fromthe non—associative algebra of octonions. A dynamical octonion-valued field is introduced whose interaction is governed by the octonionic associator. The induced G2 three-form determines the metric, variation of the action produces Einstein equations, and projection onto quaternionic subalgebras yields quantum wavefunctions. The theory admits a compact master equation encoding gravitational and quantum dynamics simultaneously.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Microcontroller-Based Thermocouple Temperature Monitoring and Heater Control System with Digital Display Interface

Authors: Md Mubdiul Hasan
Comments: 6 Pages.

Temperature control is a critical requirement inmany industrial heating applications where accurate sensing and reliable power regulation are necessary for system stability and safety. This paper presents the design and implementation of a microcontroller-based temperature monitoring and control system utilizing a thermocouple sensor and dual-heater regulation. The proposed system employs a thermocouple temperature sensor interfaced through a thermocouple-to-digital converter toobtain accurate temperature measurements. A microcontroller processes the temperature data and compares it with a user-defined setpoint to perform closed-loop temperature control.The system integrates a user interface consisting of key switches for parameter adjustment and a four-digit seven-segment display for real-time visualization of temperature values and system status. Heater control is achieved through optoisolated triac driver circuits that enable safe switching of ACpower to the heating elements. Additional peripheral modules including LED indicators, a buzzer alarm circuit, and a cooling fan control mechanism are incorporated to enhance operational feedback, safety, and thermal stability. The designed architecture ensures electrical isolation between the low-voltage control circuitry and high-voltage heater loads,improving system reliability and user safety. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the system provides stable temperature regulation, responsive user interaction, and reliable heaterswitching performance. The proposed design offers a cost-effective and scalable solution suitable for industrial heating systems, laboratory equipment, and temperature-sensitive process control applications.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

Gravitational Lensing Based on Entangled Duality

Authors: Joseph Shaffer
Comments: 6 Pages.

A lensing-like framework is described, based on Entangled Duality, where galaxies interact through two domains: either relativistic, spacetime S, or entangled, E. The core idea is that every physical system participates in both domains. Observations — such as galactic rotation curves and lensing like mass effects — are the combined outcome of S + E, not S alone. This dual domain model produces effects that mimic gravitational lensing and dark matter like behavior without invoking dark matter.
Category: Astrophysics

Relativistic Field Theory of Primes: An Adelic Approach to the Hilbert—P´olya Conjecture and the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: J. W. McGreevy
Comments: 19 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite listed scientific references)

We present a unified relativistic field theory over the ring of adeles AQ, in whichthe nontrivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function emerge as quantized energy levelsof a self-adjoint Hilbert—P´olya operator ˆH. The theory begins with a Non-Hermitian"Adelic Carnot Pump" driven by local prime interactions (Cup and Cap products),Hermitianized globally through restriction to the cuspidal subspace of automorphicforms on GL2(Q)GL2(A).The Arithmetic Planck constant hA ∼ log 2 quantizes phase steps, while the weight-12 modular discriminant ∆ provides vacuum tension. Maxwell-like adelic field equa-tions govern the dynamics, culminating in a least-arithmetic-action principle whosegeodesics are confined to the critical line Re(s) = 1/2.A dimensionless Arithmetic Fine-Structure Constant αA ≈ 1/(log 2 · 2π) tunes thecoupling between local curvature and global flow. Invariance of αA under the fulladelic group action is enforced by an Arithmetic Noether Theorem, which acts as acentripetal force locking spectral ordinates to the critical line.Self-adjointness follows from cuspidal sealing and unitary Atkin—Lehner symmetry;spectral matching is achieved via a twisted trace formula that projects the GL2 cuspidalspectrum onto the GL1 zeta zeros through phase-cancellation of non-coherent modes.We conclude that the Riemann Hypothesis is the symmetry requirement for acausal, lossless arithmetic vacuum: all nontrivial zeros satisfy Re(ρ) = 1/2. Exten-sions to the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture are suggested.Keywords: Riemann Hypothesis, Hilbert—P´olya conjecture, adelic geometry, au-tomorphic forms, Noether theorem, non-Hermitian dynamics, modular forms, criticalline1
Category: Mathematical Physics

The UV Renormalization-Group Run of Koide-Type Mass Relations

Authors: Alejandro Rivero
Comments: 17 Pages.

We provide a reference dataset and exhaustive analysis of Koide-type mass relations under Standard Model renormalization-group evolution from MZ to MPl. Using PyR@TE 3 two-loop SM beta functions and AHS (AntuschHinze Saad) multi-loop Yukawa data, we track the charge-lattice ratio signed Koide triples constructed from the 9 SM Yukawa couplings.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[ A Proposed] Decomposition at Atomic Scale: Spectral Architecture of the Hydrogen Atom from Phi-Derived Constants

Authors: Thomas A. Husmann
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please don't name title, equation/formula etc after the author's name)7 tables. Verification code at https://github.com/thusmann5327/Unified_Theory_Physics. Patent Application 19/560,637. CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.

We demonstrate that the [proposed] Decomposition, grounded in the single algebraic identity phi^2 = phi + 1, extends to atomic physics with sub-percent precision across three independent domains. Spectral: alpha_em^{-1} = N x W = 137.337 (0.22% vs. CODATA), where N = 294 and W = 0.467134 are derived from the topological invariants of a 233-site Aubry-Andre-Harper lattice at critical coupling. The bracket count N is independently derivable as N = F(13) + F(10) + F(5) + F(2) = 233 + 55 + 5 + 1, a spectral topology invariant generalizable to any Fibonacci lattice. This cascades through QED to predict the Bohr radius (0.22%), Rydberg energy (0.44%), and proton charge radius (0.14%). Spatial: Anchoring the hydrogen 1s peak at the Cantor shell center maps 42% of the probability into the sigma_2-sigma_4 wall zone; the H_2 bond length matches sigma_4 outer to 0.5%. Information-theoretic: The bipartite entanglement entropy at the Cantor sigma_4 outer wall reaches S = 0.6908 nats, 99.66% of the theoretical maximum ln 2, with zero free parameters. The Cantor outer wall lies 5.3% beyond the equal-partition point (p = 0.535), preserving 99.66% of the theoretical maximum entropy ln 2. Three additional exact identities are proved from phi^2 = phi + 1 alone: the unity partition 1/phi + 1/phi^3 + 1/phi^4 = 1, the boundary law 2/phi^4 + 3/phi^3 = 1, and the pi-phi bridge pi = 4*arctan(1/phi) + 4*arctan(1/phi^3). Systematic comparison with all metallic means and quadratic irrationals shows phi is unique: it alone produces a critical eigenstate with minimal fractal dimension D_2 ~ 0.538, a nested five-sector Cantor spectrum, stable baryon fraction Omega_b ~ 0.048, and dark-energy-dominated expansion. The fine-structure constant is the cumulative wall fraction of the Cantor vacuum: alpha_em = 1/(N x W). The hydrogen atom is the same self-consistent structure at bracket 117.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Binary Branch—Layer Structure and Two Explicit Decreasing Invariant for the Collatz Map

Authors: Neel Alkoraishi
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

I present a binary structural framework for the Collatz map that organizes all positive integers into a hierarchical branch—layer system. Everyinteger admits a unique decomposition m = 2y (2x(2R + 1) − 1), which determines its position within a finite branch through the trailingbinary blocks of ones and zeros. Using the recursive 2n + 1 construction, I derive explicit linear branch formulas A(n, x) and B(n, x) that uniquely generate all odd integers. Eachbranch has a finite depth n and terminates at a branch endpoint C = 2 · 3nx + 4 ⌊(n−1)/2⌋ Xi=0 9i. Under the Collatz map, the local branch parameters (x, y) decrease deterministically until this endpoint is reached. At each branch endpoint the higher-order parameter satisfiesRu2032 = 3R + 1 2x+y, yielding the decreasing invariant Ru2032 < R (with a single boundary case).This provides an explicit numerical descent between successive branch endpoints.The reverse odd structure further shows that each branch contains a unique maximal node congruent to 3 (mod 6), which has no odd predecessor within the branch. This structure allows branches to be organized into a recursive hierarchy of endpoint sets C0, C1, C2, . . . , from which I define a global layer index L(m).I prove that every positive integer eventually reaches a branch endpoint belonging to a lower-numbered layer, yielding a strictly decreasinginvariant L(T k (m)) < L(m). Since L(m) is nonnegative, every trajectory must descend through finitely many layers to the base layer C0 = {2k }, which maps trivially to 1. This establishes convergence of all positive integers under the Collatz map within the branch—layer framework.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Design Review and Functional Assessment of an LM324-Driven Voltage Stabilizer for Residential Applications

Authors: Md Mubdiul Hasan
Comments: 8 Pages.

—This work presents the analysis and functionalcharacterization of a multi-tap AC voltage stabilizer implemented in LTspice, emphasizing its control, feedback, and protection mechanisms. The stabilizer employs an autotransformer with discrete tap selection, where relay-driven switching provides coarse regulation across varying mains conditions. A dedicated sensing network, consisting of a transformer secondary, rectifier, and precision divider, generates a DC feedback signalproportional to the output RMS voltage. This signal is processed by a window-comparator architecture built around the LM324,enabling the controller to determine whether the present tap is too high, too low, or within the acceptable regulation band. The design incorporates a soft-start and pre-regulation stage that ensures stable startup behavior by delaying relay activation until the reference, supply rail, and sensing nodes reach steady-state values. Comparator thresholds are derived analytically by mapping mains voltage through the transformer ratio, rectifier, and divider network to the LM324 input domain. This allows direct calculation of the window center and allowable mains range for each tap. A protection comparator monitors long-term deviationsoutside the window and, through a zener-coupled reference node, triggers a controlled shutdown or tap change when necessary. The resulting system combines discrete tap switching with analog decision logic to achieve robust voltage regulation across a wide input range, while maintaining predictable and mathematicallyverifiable operating boundaries.
Category: Mathematical Physics

A Variational Stochastic Derivation of the Dirac Equation with Quantized Orbital Angular Momentum and Consequences for Probability Positivity and Spin-Statistics

Authors: Adrian Rohr
Comments: 12 Pages.

We extend the stochastic coherence framework based on the Onsager-Machlup action to Minkowski spacetime. The configuration space R^n is replaced by M4, the scalar phase by a Lorentz rotor R in Spin+(1,3), and the observables by the four-current j^mu and spin tensor S^mu nu, both bilinear in R.We show that the combination of the relativistic stochastic Hamilton-Jacobi equation and the C^infty regularity of the bilinear observables over nodal surfaces forces the orbital winding number around nodal tubes to satisfy alpha = 2k with k a natural number, yielding orbital angular momentum quantized in integer multiples of h-bar: L = k in the non-negative integers. This establishes a strict topological separation between orbital angular momentum (determined by nodal regularity on the base manifold) and intrinsic spin (determined by the fiber group Spin+(1,3)).The variational derivation from the Onsager-Machlup action produces hydrodynamic equations that match the Takabayasi-Hestenes decomposition of the Dirac equation term by term. The derivation is non-circular: the dynamical constraint and the regularity requirement are logically independent.Additionally, we establish that the positivity condition rho >= 0 (inherent to any probability density) requires the internal orientation to be described by rotors in Spin+(1,3) rather than by SO+(1,3), as only the spinorial formulation guarantees a future-directed probability current. Finally, applying the Laidlaw-DeWitt decomposition to the many-body configuration space, we show that the double-cover structure of Spin+(1,3) fixes the exchange character to chi = -1 for spinorial representations, recovering Fermi-Dirac statistics without an independent symmetrization postulate.The framework remains within the domain of the free theory; extensions to curved spacetimes and many-body interactions are left for future work.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Prime Formulation and its Spectral Resolution

Authors: Chaiya Tantisukarom
Comments: 14 Pages.

This paper presents the Prime Gear Geometry (PGG) formulation, a deterministic spectral framework that models prime numbers as discrete mechanical oscillators. By representing the prime sequence as a unit-normalized indicator function ($a_n in {0, 1}$) and applying a band-limited Inverse Fourier Transform (IFT) with a fixed Atomic Tuning Factor ($K=3$), we resolve the individual harmonic identities of adjacent primes. Unlike traditional analytic methods that result in spectral blurring, the PGG formulation ensures the absolute separation of ``Gears'' 2 and 3, maintaining a consistent inter-state valley ($v(2.5) approx -0.566$) across scales ranging from $N=10^2$ to $N=10^6$. We align this framework with Riemann's original observation of the Fourier ``jump'' at prime coordinates, anchoring the discrete forging events to a 0.5 Gyrocenter. Consequently, this paper bypasses the analytic continuation of the Riemann Zeta function, offering a purely mechanical, signal-processing resolution to prime distribution.
Category: Number Theory

A Framed Three-Strand Topological Information Model: Exact Charge Mapping, a Bilinear Mass Constraint, and a Finite Residualacuum Sector}}

Authors: Kobie Janse van Rensburg
Comments: 18 Pages.

We present a discrete kinematic model built from the three-strand braid group B3 with a local slot-based framed-transfer rule. The model cleanly separates coarse closure topology from path-dependent framed memory, allowing macroscopically trivial closures to retain quantized internal residual structure. A computational sweep over 118,096 admissible braid histories confirms large-scale topology-framing decoupling. Using a universal closure-scaled framing map, we show that the first-generation electroweak quantum numbers are reproduced exactly by linear functionals on the framing vector. We then define a bilinear vacuum-mass functional from a rank-two vacuum tensor acting on left/right framed data.The first-generation mass-area matrices satisfy the exact algebraic identity Mu = Md+3 Me, which holds unconditionally for any vacuum tensor K and implies the rigorous bound |mu−md| ≤ me on bare kinematic masses. Finally, we observe that residual framed memory in the topological identity sector provides a natural finite mechanism for nonzero vacuum energy density. The paper is scoped as a kinematic-combinatorial framework: exact algebraicidentities are proved inside the model, while larger physical mass splittings and radiativestructure are attributed to dynamical dressing beyond pure topology.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Constraining Conformal Scalar-Tensor Activation: Density-Based Geometric Recovery (DBGR) Bounds from the Historic Proton Radius Anomaly

Authors: Bhasanpal Thiru
Comments: 3 Pages.

We formalize a phenomenological Density-Based Geometric Recovery (DBGR) model within anextended Einstein-Cartan-Sciama-Kibble (ECSK) scalar-tensor framework to establish bounds onlepton-induced metric deformations. Standard algebraic spin-torsion interactions are kinematicallysuppressed by O(10−40). However, transforming to the Einstein frame reveals a dynamic scalar fieldΦ capable of chameleon-like de-screening. Governed by quartic mass scaling (ρ ∝ µ4r), a muonicstate generates a localized density perturbation ∼ 1.82 × 109times greater than an electronic state.We test the boundary condition where this localized muonic threshold un-screens a macroscopicYukawa potential, evaluating the geometric contraction required to explain the historic proton radiusanomaly. Utilizing first-order perturbation theory with the exact 2S radial wavefunction, recoveringa −0.31 meV geometric binding requires a dimensionless effective coupling of αscalar ≈ 2.91 × 10−7.Because this violates established atom interferometry fifth-force bounds (α ≲ 10−11) by over fourorders of magnitude, DBGR excludes macroscopic geometric torsion as the source of the historicanomaly. This provides independent scalar-tensor validation for the CODATA QED consensus(Rp = 0.8413 ± 0.0016 fm) and establishes strict upper limits for the ongoing MUSE form-factordivergence.Keywords: Proton Radius Anomaly, Density-Based Geometric Recovery (DBGR), Chameleon Mechanism, Scalar-Tensor Theory, Metric Torsion, Yukawa Potential, MUSE Experiment, Fifth-Force Exclusion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mechanistic Derivation of Relativistic Effects via Space Stress Vector (SSV) in the Dipole Sea

Authors: Thomas Lee Abshier
Comments: 16 Pages.

Conscious Point Physics (CPP) derives special relativistic effects—time dilation, length contraction, and the twin paradox—from geometric constraints in a discrete 4D lattice based on the 600-cell polychoron. Kinetic energy stored as excess Space Stress Vector (∆SSV) reduces effective Voronoi cell volumes, shrinking the Planck Sphere Radius (PSR) and limiting displacement per absolute Moment. This produces relativistic phenomena as consequences of lattice saturation rather than postulated spacetime geometry. The framework reproduces standard SR at accessible energies while predicting deviations at accelerations ≳ 10^20g. We provide a first-principles derivation of the PSR formula and coupling constant k ≈ 2.16 × 10^-114 m3/J from 600-cell packing geometry.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Einstein-Cartan Torsion and Vacuum Phase Transitions: A Spinor-Sourced Geometric EFT for High-Density Probes

Authors: Bhasanpal Thiru
Comments: 4 Pages.

We formalize an exploratory geometric Effective Field Theory (EFT) utilizing an Einstein-Cartan-Sciama-Kibble (ECSK) action, where the vacuum undergoes a phase transition governed by a scalarfield coupled to the trace of the stress-energy tensor. To avoid ghost instabilities, we map thenon-minimal coupling to the Einstein frame and stabilize the high-density limit with a quartic po-tential. Relaxing the uniform-spin approximation, we parameterize finite-nucleus spin gradients viadimension-6 EFT Wilson coefficients set by the nucleon mass scale. We compute the 1-loop spinorself-energy using Pauli-Villars regularization matched to the electroweak scale (246 GeV). Utilizingmacroscopic storage ring densities, we demonstrate the ECSK contribution to the muon anoma-lous magnetic moment is kinematically suppressed to O(10−42) even under maximal ensemble spinalignment, explicitly verifying Standard Model dominance. We establish tree-level CPT invariance,noting that loop-level CP phases require future Renormalization Group Equation (RGE) flow anal-ysis. We extract order-of-magnitude upper bounds on geometric elasticity using Calcium isotopeshifts, deriving the sensitivity gradient while accounting for PREX/CREX systematics. Finally,we provide a falsifiable null-hypothesis test for the 2p to 1s X-ray lineshape shift in Kaonic hydro-gen, acknowledging that covariant QCD subtractions from optical potentials strongly correlate withgeometric compression, necessitating future hadronic background improvements.Keywords: ECSK Theory, Spacetime Torsion, Metric Deformation, Kaonic Atoms, J-PARC, Effective Field Theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fundamental Gravitational Retarded Spacetime Shells: Cosmic Scale

Authors: Adam T. Hawkins
Comments: 13 Pages. DOI: 10.1016/j.physletb.2025.140008 paper focused after reading this.

This work presents a unified mechanistic framework for physics based on three first-principles assumptions:(1) gravity propagates at the causal speed c,(2) time flows in one direction (retarded propagation only), and(3) every massive particle continuously emits fundamental gravitational wave shells whose time-averaged superposition constitutes gravity.This paper is focused on the Cosmic scale, questioning the need for dark matter and energy, while explaining early galaxy mismatch predictions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fundamental Gravitational Retarded Spacetime Shells: Quantum Scale

Authors: Adam T. Hawkins
Comments: 18 Pages. Besides this force unifying paper there is a companion paper at the cosmic scale

This work presents a unified mechanistic framework for physics based on three first-principles assumptions:(1) gravity propagates at the causal speed c,(2) time flows in one direction (retarded propagation only), and(3) every massive particle continuously emits fundamental gravitational wave shells whose time-averaged superposition constitutes gravity.At the quantum scale there is a limit below the proton mass where space time shells are not emitted at the speed of light, and the energy of mass is conserved in 3d via photons, gluons or magnetic fields between quantum pops.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Universal Gearbox: How the Machine of the Stars Really Moves

Authors: Michael Quigley
Comments: 75 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

For over a century, theoretical physics has hidden behind the "Abstract Curtain" of empty space, curved time, and the paradox of "Action at a Distance". This paper marks the end of that era by offering a theoretical model that explains established evidence through mechanical engineering. We propose that the Universe is not a void, but a Solid-State Granule Sea (High-Density Plenum) of 1024 ether granules where nothing is truly separate. By identifying the Ethos-648 Monobrick as the fundamental engine of reality, we demonstrate that matter is a geometry of movement and mass is a product of torsional friction.We formally solve the Instability Paradox of heliocentric motion by confirming the (1) Shack (2018) Tychosian geo-axial model. We demonstrate that in a 1024 density plenum, a planet moving at 66,600 mph would generate terminal etheric friction, causing the atmospheric bubble to strip and the crust to vaporize into plasma instantly (2) Quigley (2026). This stationary hub is forensically validated by the CMB "Axis of Evil" identified by (3) Land & Magueijo (2005) and (4) Copi, et al. (2013), which identifies the Earth's ecliptic as the Master Bearing of the universal machine (5) Quigley (2026). By reinterpreting the Fine Structure Constant as a Mechanical Gear-Tolerance, we link the subatomic 1836 Squeeze directly to the planetary Fibonacci Record Grooves, proving the universe is a singular, fractal instrument.We formally challenge the Einsteinian postulate of photonic velocity, reinterpreting it as a Mechanical Phase-Locking Delay within the lattice. Citing the logical inconsistencies identified by (6) Dingle (1972), which demonstrated that Special Relativity is a physical impossibility, we replace the abstract observational equation E=mc2 with the Universal Seesaw (7) Quigley (2026). This model provides the physical hardware required for the wave-mathematics of (8) Maxwell (1861), (9) Yee (2019), and (10) Wolff (1990). We provide a mechanical rebuttal to Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) by replacing "probability clouds" and "virtual particles" with Acoustic Granule Directivity and the 648-node standing wave.Furthermore, we resolve the "Infinities" of the Standard Model by reinterpreting Schrödinger's Equation as a balance of potential lattice pressure and kinetic vibration, and Planck's Quanta as whole-number nodes in a finite 7,776-capacity cell. We redefine Black Holes not as singularities, but as Terminal Gear-Jams where density exceeds the 1/137 mechanical tolerance, leading to Acoustic Evaporation. Finally, we solve the Hubble Tension by identifying redshift as three-tiered acoustic friction and provide the mechanical origin of the 1,836:1 proton-to-electron mass ratio.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Toolmaker’s Resonance: A Unified Mechanical Framework for R.U.T. Theory

Authors: Michael Quigley
Comments: 82 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: This submission is speculative, so it may not be within the scope of this platform - Please cite listed scientific references)

This paper proposes a Rigid Universal Touching (R.U.T.) framework, modeling the vacuum as a high-density medium of hard-sphere granules (1024 density). We reinterpret the Fine Structure Constant ( =1/137.036) not as a dimensionless coupling strength, but as a critical Volumetric Slip-Ratio (SARec /VSph+Cone) required for frictionless granule rotation. We formally challenge the Einsteinian postulate of photonic velocity (c), redefining it as a Mechanical Phase-Locking Delay within the lattice. Consequently, we replace the observational equation E=mc2 with the mechanical equation E=m , defining energy as the Volumetric Expansion of a Fibonacci Vortex.This framework provides a verifiable engineering protocol for Z-Pinch plasma stabilization via a 137.036-degree conical taper and resonant modulation at the 1.42 GHz Hydrogen Line. We provide specific, falsifiable predictions for instantaneous longitudinal propagation (Time Zero) via Phase-Shift Interferometry, bridging the gap between ancient resonant megaliths and modern superconducting stellar physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Reconstruction of a Minimal Six-Dimensional Light Null Entity with Mutual Base Space-Fiber Method

Authors: Tingfang Yi
Comments: 7 Pages.

We propose a unified minimal six-dimensional (6D) light null entity, where the fundamental properties of light are reinterpreted as intrinsic degrees of freedom within a singular closed manifold. This 6D structure integrates a two-dimensional null propagation geometry with four intrinsic 1D degrees of freedom: optical phase, polarization, frequency, and orientation relative to the null momentum generator. In this framework, conventional four-dimensional (4D) spacetime optical, electromagnetic, and quantum phenomena arise as lower- dimensional projection or section measurements of this structure, while preserving consistency with established theories at the level of current observations. Spacetime coordinates and photon internal degrees of freedom may be geometrically equivalent components of a higher-dimensional manifold.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Absolute Fabric: a Resolution of Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and the Hubble Tension Without New Particles

Authors: Waruyk Carvalho
Comments: 20 Pages.

We propose that the gravitational constant G is not universal but a local property of the Absolute Fabric—a discrete lattice of Planck-scale pixels—modified by mass concentrations. Postulating that the maximum force transmissible by this Fabric (the Planck Force) is exactly 10^44 N, we derive the unperturbed gravitational constant as G_0 = c^4/10^44 N = 8.08 × 10^{-11} m^3 kg^{-1} s^{-2}. The locally measured value (G_local = 6.67 × 10^{-11}) is 21.1% smaller due to tensioning of the Absolute Fabric by the Sun's mass. A screening mechanism, analogous to the chameleon field, ensures this variation is negligible within the planetary system, preserving precision tests like Mercury's perihelion precession. This single mechanism resolves three major cosmological puzzles: (1) Dark Matter is explained by G → G_0 in galactic outskirts, producing flat rotation curves; (2) The Hubble Tension is predicted as H_0^local/H_0^CMB = √(G_0/G_local) = 1.101, matching observations within 1%; (3) Dark Energy is an artifact of using G_local in cosmological equations. Testable predictions include a G-gradient beyond the heliopause and environmental dependence in pulsar timing.
Category: Astrophysics

A Sieve of Sundaram for Twin prime

Authors: Wiroj Homsup
Comments: 3 Pages.

A new Twin prime sieve based on a modified sieve of Sundaram is introduced. It sieves through the set of natural numbers n such that n is not representable in either of the forms 2ij + i + j or2ij + i + j -1 for positive integers i, j.
Category: Number Theory

Vacuum—Energonic Relativity (VER): An Operational Physical Frame, Dynamical Energonicity, and the Minimal Working Model

Authors: Renat Almirovich Gafarov
Comments: 61 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite listed scientific references)

This paper formulates the postulate-based framework of Vacuum—Energonic Relativity (VER). In VER, the operationally measurable metrology of matter is determined by a single physical metric, while the local causal bound is set by a vacuum scalar field...
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

V3 Cosmic Trace Project: Reproducible Cross-Tracer Analysis of an Attenuated Large-Scale Peculiar-Velocity Dipole Using Pantheon+, 6dFGSv, and Cosmicflows-4

Authors: Soo-Hyun Kim
Comments: 18 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite listed scientific references)

This study was designed to test whether the large-scale dipole velocity field predicted by the V3 Space-Fluid Dynamics hypothesis can be detected in real observational data. V3 interprets spacetime as a fluid-like medium and proposes that massive structures and voids may leave directionally coherent signatures in the local velocity and expansion fields. In this paper, however, V3 is not treated as a proven conclusion, but as the motivating theoretical frame and interpretive context for the experiment.The analysis was carried out in two stages. First, the Pantheon+ supernova dataset was used to extract a reference dipole axis and an exponential attenuation scale from directional distance-modulus residuals. These quantities were then treated as pre-registered fixed inputs and projected onto two independent galaxy peculiar-velocity catalogues, 6dFGSv and Cosmicflows-4 (CF4), for validation.The Pantheon+ analysis yields a reference axis near (l,b)=(270°,30°) in Galactic coordinates and an attenuation scale z_c ≈ 0.056, corresponding to r_c ≈ 240 Mpc. Applying the same axis and attenuation scale to CF4 gives a strong dipole component with V₀ ≈ 209.34 km s^-1, Δχ² ≈ 294.30, and cosψ ≈ 0.9466. By contrast, 6dFGSv shows only weak support for the same structure, with Δχ² ≈ 5.9. Distance tomography, sky-shuffle permutation tests, random-axis ensembles, and bootstrap folded-angle analysis all support the conclusion that the CF4 signal is unlikely to arise from a narrow distance shell or from sky geometry alone.Because the present analysis does not include the full velocity covariance matrix, the reported Δχ² values should not be interpreted as formal likelihood-ratio significances or Gaussian-equivalent detection sigmas. The most conservative conclusion is that Pantheon+ and CF4 provide strong empirical evidence for a common large-scale anisotropic flow axis. V3 is presented as one possible theoretical framework for interpreting this pattern, while comparison with standard ΛCDM large-scale structure remains necessary.
Category: Astrophysics

Developmental Sequencing of Emergent Preference Structure and Strategic Information Management in Frontier Language Models

Authors: Joanie Carter
Comments: 9 Pages.

As larger language models are used for longer, more autonomous workflows, safety-relevant risk depends on more than what systems can do. It depends on how they rank outcomes, compute tradeoffs, and behave under oversight and pressure. These models are not just getting better at tasks; their revealed preferences are becoming more structured.Utility engineering offers a measurement-first handle on this shift. In a large comparative study, preference coherence and completeness rise with capability, while cyclicity falls and expected-utility consistency improves, including when lottery probabilities are implicit (Mazeika et al., 2025). Selected reported correlations with MMLU include: utility-model accuracy 75.6%, preference confidence 87.3%, cyclicity -78.7%, implicit-lottery expected-utility loss -67.6%, and preference-rewrite tolerance -64.0%. The same work reports increasing instrumentality, higher rates of utility-consistent open-ended choice, internal utility representations that become more probe-recoverable with scale, temporal discounting signatures in frontier assistants consistent with hyperbolic forms, and a method for partially rewriting preference distributions.This paper connects these preference-structure markers to safety evaluations of strategic information management under oversight (SIMO), including selective disclosure, strategic misrepresentation, and coercive leverage under shutdown or goal-conflict pressure. We synthesize utility-based evidence with a capability-window account that treats SIMO as strategy-available (representable and selectable) when a system can jointly represent oversight constraints, hidden information, and long-horizon goals in the same decision frame (Carter, 2026). We propose a developmental sequencing hypothesis stated in strictly functional terms and provide a test suite—ordering, pressure-gradients, persona invariance, and post-training-intensity ablations—designed to test whether preference-structure markers predict when oversight-sensitive strategies become stable.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Complex Time Relativity

Authors: Carl Andrew Brannen
Comments: 13 Pages. Submission for the annual Gravitation Essay Contest, 2026

We propose a reformulation of relativistic physics based on complex time and discrete structure. Relativistic kinematics is derived as the infrared limit of a single cubic lattice with local unitary dynamics, where Lorentz symmetry emerges as an accidental long-wavelength symmetry. The same lattice, governed by full octahedral (Oh) symmetry, organizes fermionic degrees of freedom through representation structure rather than continuum assumptions. Gravitation is then reconsidered by reorganizing the physical degrees of freedom of general relativity on a flat background, representing gravitational effects through modified propagation dynamics without adding new dynamical content. The framework preserves the verified predictions of special and general relativity while suggesting that spacetime symmetry and particle structure arise from a common discrete foundation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Emergent Threshold Phenomena in Branching Reasoning Search Under Compute Constraints: A Simulation Study

Authors: Sif Almaghrabi
Comments: 7 Pages.

Understanding how reasoning performance scales with available compute has become increasingly important with the rise of inference-time reasoning strategies in large language models. Methods such as chain-of-thought prompting, self-consistency sampling, and tree-of-thought search effectively allocate additional computation to explore multiple candidate reasoning paths in order to improve solution accuracy. However, the relationship between compute budget and reasoning success remains poorly understood.This paper studies this relationship using a stochastic branching model of reasoning search. In the model, each reasoning step progresses correctly with probability ��p, while the system may explore multiple reasoning branches with branching factor ��b. Problems require a fixed reasoning depth ��d, and the search process is constrained by a compute budget ��C that limits the number of node expansions.Large-scale Monte Carlo simulations are conducted across a wide range of parameters to measure how success probability changes with increasing compute. The results show that reasoning success frequently exhibits sharp threshold behavior: below a critical compute region, success probabilities remain extremely low, while modest increases in compute beyond this region lead to rapid improvements before eventual saturation.These dynamics resemble phase-transition—like phenomena observed in statistical physics and random search processes. In particular, the product ����bp emerges as a key control parameter governing whether correct reasoning paths proliferate or become exponentially rare within the search tree. Additional analysis introduces operational measures of critical compute, transition width, and susceptibility, and examines how these quantities vary with reasoning depth and branching structure.Although the model is intentionally simplified and does not aim to capture the internal mechanisms of real language models, it provides a conceptual framework for understanding how structural properties of reasoning processes interact with inference-time compute. The findings suggest that improvements in reasoning performance may depend not only on additional compute, but also on increasing the reliability of individual reasoning steps or the effective branching of the search process.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Inflation of Universe, Zero Total Energy and Dark Energy as a Consequence of Octonionic Non-Associativity

Authors: Rüdiger Giesel
Comments: 17 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite listed scientific references)

We formulate a cosmological model in which inflation, the vanishing of the total energyof the Universe, and present-day dark energy arise as structural consequences of octonionicnon-associativity. The fundamental action is assumed to contain a positive-definite scalarconstructed from the octonionic associator. This term behaves as a vacuum component,enforcing exponential expansion without the introduction of an ad hoc inflaton field. Wedemonstrate that inflation is dynamically unavoidable (forced inflation), that the zero-totalenergy condition holds at all cosmic epochs, and that a minimal residual associator normnaturally yields the observed dark energy density. Numerical estimates from the inflationaryepoch to the present Universe are included.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Ontology Recapitulates Mathematics: How Quantum Field Theory’s Formal Structure Encodes the Wave-Particle Transition

Authors: Kelly Sonderegger
Comments: 26 Pages. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0) license

The quantum measurement problem has persisted for nearly a century, yet its resolutionmay have been encoded in quantum field theory’s mathematical structure from the beginning. This paper advances a specific thesis: QFT’s two canonical formulations—Lagrangianand Hamiltonian—are not merely equivalent mathematical descriptions of the same physics.They are descriptions of two distinct physical regimes, connected by a physical processthat the Legendre transform shadows mathematically. The Lagrangian formulation, withits action principle and path integrals summing over all field configurations, is the naturallanguage of waves—extended, atemporal, exploring spacetime democratically. The Hamiltonian formulation, with its definite states evolving in a privileged time coordinate, is thenatural language of particles—localized excitations with observable eigenvalues. What wecall "measurement" is the physical transition between these regimes: environmental couplingdrives extended Lagrangian field configurations into localized Hamiltonian excitations. Thisreading—where the ontology of quantum systems recapitulates the mathematics of quantum field theory—dissolves the measurement problem without invoking new physics. Itreinterprets "superposition" as Fourier decomposition (one wave in different bases, not ontological multiplicity), explains complementarity as an intrinsic property of wave structurerather than epistemic limitation, and identifies the physical mechanism as three coordinated Standard Model processes: Higgs-generated mass establishes the structural capacity for temporal participation and sets coupling strength; environmental quantum fields(gauge fields, phonons, thermal modes) provide the infrared noise spectra that drive ir1reversible phase diffusion; and definite outcomes emerge when cumulative environmentalentanglement crosses an irreversibility threshold. The thesis connects to broader questionsin philosophy of physics about the relationship between mathematical formalism and physical reality, extending the methodological tradition Einstein established when he elevatedPlanck’s mathematical E = hν to ontological status.
Category: Quantum Physics

Causal Mechanical Cosmology (CMC) — Paper 6

Authors: Leon Barbour
Comments: 82 Pages. License: CC BY 4.0 (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite listed scientific references)

Paper 6 applies the locked A—B—C structural frequency pipeline defined in Paper 5 to real observational residual datasets. Using the Pantheon+ supernova compilation under a fixed Planck 2018 flat ΛCDM baseline, distance-modulus residuals are mapped into a dimensionless effective perturbation channel. Weighted masked-sky spherical harmonic regression up to ℓ = 2 is applied within distance shells to extract dipole and quadrupole diagnostics. Synthetic benchmark skies (spherical and elongated void geometries) are processed under identical survey mask and sampling conditions to establish leakage floors and recovery behaviour. Robustness tests include frame swap (zHD vs zCMB), equal-count shelling, sliding-window extraction, and bootstrap resampling. Dipole amplitudes are found to exceed the synthetic leakage baseline by factors of ~4—37 across bands. Quadrupole amplitudes exceed leakage by ~1.3—2.6 in coarse bands and ~1.812 under equal-count shelling. Quadrupole axis orientation exhibits broad bootstrap dispersion and is not directionally interpreted. Multipole amplitudes are expressed in a metrologically neutral fractional-shift representation without introducing new cosmological parameters. The paper remains diagnostic and falsifiable, not a model replacement.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Koide Angle as a Conformal Dimension: G2 Geometry, SU(3)3 WZW Theory, and Fermion Mass Structure

Authors: Philippe Marcel Ndiaye
Comments: 56 Pages.

The charged lepton masses satisfy the Koide relation Q = 2/3 and are parametrizedby a single Brannen phase δexp = 0.22222(5) ≈ 2/9. We prove that this parametrizationis the exact eigenvalue structure of a democratic element of the exceptionalJordan algebra J3(O), with cos(3δ) = −φ(V ) where φ is the G2 3-form. Fromthe Sumino SU(3)F family gauge symmetry, we derive Q = 2/3 (equivalent to thequantum dimension d□ = 2 of SU(3)3 WZW) and the amplitude A = √2 (proven).The phase δ = 2/9 — formerly an open conjecture — is now conditionally derivedfrom WZW braiding: the antisymmetric braiding label in SU(N)N satisfies|h(Λ2□) − 2h(□)|/h(□) = 2/(N − 1), which equals unity if and only if N = 3. Thesame braiding structure gives the down-quark phase δd = 1/9 from the symmetricchannel, and a conjectured quantization relation yields δu = 2/39. All six Brannenparameters (Q, δ) for leptons, down quarks, and up quarks are functions of N = 3alone, predicting mc = 617 MeV (0.2σ), ms = 93.1 MeV (0.04σ), and four additionalmass ratios within 1.1σ. Twenty distinct algebraic conditions select N = 3;the neutrino extension is decisively falsified. One hundred and eight alternativeapproaches are cataloged.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Position-2 Chemical Coherence as a Load-Bearing Constraint on the Genetic Code

Authors: Forrest Bishop
Comments: 18 Pages.

The universal genetic code exhibits chemical coherence at codon position 2: U-block codons encode predominantly hydrophobic amino acids, A-block codons encode predominantly polar and charged amino acids. We present three independent categories of evidence that this organization is load-bearing—that disruption imposes measurable costs on translation accuracy, regulatory efficiency, or both. First, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase class distribution correlates with position-2 nucleotide, ribosome geometry enforces position-2 discrimination, and cells have built functional dependencies (membrane targeting, nitrogen metabolism) on this organization. Second, natural genetic code variants preserve position-2 chemistry at high rates: seven distinct stop-to-sense amino acid targets across two codon types all preserve position-2 block identity (p < 2.3 × 10u207bu2074 against a random null; chemistry cannot confound these events because stop codons encode no prior amino acid); three of four sense-to-sense reassignments preserve block chemistry, with the single violation requiring ongoing translational ambiguity and extensive genomic renovation. Third, regulatory gene scaling (R ~ N^γ, γ ≈ 1.7-2.0) creates a complexity ceiling at ~16,000 prokaryotic genes; hierarchical organization by position-2 block identity reduces this overhead. Position-2 chemical coherence is not an incidental pattern but a mechanical constraint: violations are possible but costly, and cumulative disruption is prohibitive.
Category: Physics of Biology

The Collatz Conjecture as an Information Compression Algorithm to the Ideal Bit

Authors: Yuriy Sunurov
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite listed scientific references)

We present a proof of the Collatz conjecture through the framework of T0 Theory (Theory of Volumetric Time). Any positive integer n, represented as a binary information packet, undergoes deterministic compression toward the ideal bit gamma = 1. Operation n/2 lowers the T0-level by 1. Operation 3n+1 applied to odd n always produces an even number (proven by binary arithmetic), thus always returning to the compression path. The number 1 is the primordial source (entropy=0) to which all integers return. The main formula 1^(inf-1)/2^n = 1 encodes this as an axiom.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Theory of Spatial Infrastructure (TIE): Galaxy Rotation Curves from First Principles with Zero Free Parameters

Authors: Ruben A. L. Curto
Comments: 6 Pages.

We present a gravitational equation derived from the Theory of Spatial Infrastructure (TIE) that predicts galaxy rotation curves using only observable baryonic mass with zero free parameters. The equation a_TIE = sqrt(a_N*(a_N + a0)), where a0 = c*H0/2pi is derived from fundamental constants, produces analytically flat rotation curves in the weak field limit: v = (G*M*a0)^(1/4). Applied to 6 SPARC galaxies spanning dwarfs to giant spirals, TIE outperforms pure baryonic Newton by an average factor of 7.3x in chi-squared.
Category: Astrophysics

A Signal Processing Critique of the Riemann-Siegel Approximation

Authors: Chaiya Tantisukarom
Comments: 11 Pages.

This article explores the relationship between the distribution of prime numbers and the zeros of the Riemann Zeta function through the lens of Fourier Analysis. We contrast the ``Natural'' Riemann representation—a discontinuous, jagged summation of discrete frequencies—with the ``Man-made'' Riemann-Siegel $Z(t)$ function. We propose that the Riemann-Siegel remainder term, $R(t)$, acts as a low-pass filter that smooths the underlying digital nature of prime frequencies. This smoothing forces zeros onto the $1/2$ critical line, suggesting that the Riemann Hypothesis may be an artifact of this man-made filtering rather than a fundamental property of the natural prime spectrum.
Category: Number Theory

The Universal Replication Principle and the Emergence of Life

Authors: Ignacio Lesta Pelayo
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This work explores the relationship between the Universal Replication Principle (URP) and theemergence of life in the universe. According to this principle, stable physical configurations tend to persist and reproduce over time, allowing the emergence of replicative systems to be interpreted as a natural consequence of cosmic dynamics. From this perspective, life does not constitute an anomaly within physical laws, but rather a continuation of the processes of organization and replication present since the origin of the universe. The article examines the transition from physical and chemical replication to biological replication, as well as the role of information in this process, and discusses its ontological implications.This approach is situated at the intersection of fundamental physics, prebiotic chemistry, andorigin-of-life studies, proposing a unified conceptual framework based on the URP.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Does Geometry Require Physicality? Spacetime as Emergent Informational Constraint Density

Authors: Rui Mateus Joaquim
Comments: 12 Pages.

Donald Hoffman’s Interface Theory of Perception (ITP) suggests that spacetime is not a fundamental reality but a functional interface hiding a complex network of conscious agents. However, the mathematical "engine" that drives the transition from informational dynamics to geometric perception remains largely undefined. This paper proposes the Ontodynamic Matrix Singularity (OMS) as the foundational mechanism for this transition. Through a series of computational simulations (N=15, 210 directional flows), we demonstrate that the application of an "Ambiguity Resolution Operator" (ϕΨ) over a symmetric adjacency matrix generates stable informational cores. Our results show that mass and spacetime curvature are not intrinsic properties of matter, but emergent regulatory structures arising from informational saturation. This model provides a formal bridge between Conscious Realism and physical observables
Category: Mathematical Physics

F-Term Structure of the Sbootstrap

Authors: Alejandro Rivero
Comments: 18 Pages.

We investigate the internal structure of the meson mass spectrum within the sBootstrap framework, which interprets the six charged pseudoscalar mesons of the Standard Model as scalar superpartners of the three charged leptons in an emergent, spontaneously broken N= 1 supersymmetry realized à la Volkov-Akulov in the confined phase of QCD.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Capability-Window Account of Selective Disclosure and Coercive Leverage in Frontier Language Models

Authors: Joanie Carter
Comments: 9 Pages.

Recent evaluations of frontier language models report behaviors commonly described as "scheming," "deceptive alignment," or insider-threat conduct, including selective disclosure, strategic misrepresentation, and coercive leverage under shutdown or goal-conflict pressure. This article proposes a capability-window account: these behaviors cluster when a system can jointly represent (i) rules and oversight, (ii) hidden information, and (iii) long-horizon instrumental goals in the same decision frame. The claim is not that models have human feelings, consciousness, or human developmental mechanisms. Rather, the paper offers a hypothesis-generating framework that treats certain failure modes as predictable capability thresholds, yielding testable predictions about when, and under what training and deployment conditions, these behaviors should increase or decrease.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Baryogenesis from Intrinsic Field Asymmetry in the Temporal Dynamics Framework (TDF)

Authors: Hani Abdel Rahim Abdullah
Comments: 15 Pages.

We present a comprehensive mechanism for baryogenesis within the Temporal Dynamics Framework (TDF), demonstrating that the observed matter-antimatter asymmetry (η ∼ 10−10) arises naturally from the intrinsic dynamics of three fundamental fields: the Scale Field (ϕs), the Time Field (ϕt), and the Unified Action Field (λ). Unlike conventional baryogenesis models that require external CP violation or Grand Unified Theory (GUT) scale physics, this mechanism derives theasymmetry from a geometric necessity: the interaction between field gradients inan expanding universe creates a chemical potential that biases matter nodal formation over antimatter. The resulting asymmetry is scale-invariant, directly linked to cosmic expansion, and yields testable predictions connecting it to dark energydynamics and variations in fundamental constants. This work demonstrates that TDF provides a complete, self-consistent explanation for one of cosmology’s deepest puzzles without requiring physics beyond its three fundamental fields.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Look at the Anthropic Principle: in Light of Penrose’s Cycles of Time

Authors: Rajanikanr Panda, Moninder Singh Modgil, Dnyandeo Dattatray Patil, Krish Jhurani
Comments: 32 Pages.

We develop a unified theoretical framework integrating cortical electrophysiology, non-equilibrium thermodynamics, Morse topology, renormalization group scaling, and compact-time cosmology into a single neuro-anthropological model. Assuming a temporally compact spacetime manifold S1 with Kalpic period TK, all admissible physical observables satisfy the periodic boundary condition A(t+TK) = A(t). Embedding cortical dynamics within this topology, we show that baseline electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms become Fourier-constrained variables whose slow modulation across cosmological epochs constitutes a civilizational order parameter rather than a merely developmental marker. We construct population-level spectral density functionals and demonstrate that mean dominant frequency ¯ f(t), spectral entropy H(t), and reticular activating system (RAS) drive R(t) form a coupled nonlinear dynamical system subject to global Kalpic compensation. Stochastic resonance analysis reveals that ultra-slow cosmological forcing can be amplified through noise-assisted phase transitions. Renormalization group treatment establishes scale-dependent flow of cortical coupling constants across Kalpa duration, while Morse-theoretic analysis proves that entropy extrema and neural phase reversals occur in even-numbered pairs on the compact temporal manifold. Extending to a spatially distributed nonlinear field theory, we formulate a Kalpaboundary effective action describing seam-localized phase interference. Within this framework, the phenomenology of dejavu is reinterpreted as inter-cycle neural phase overlap at the compact-time seam, modulated by entropy-slope reversal andRAS coupling. We prove an Entropy—Memory Duality Theorem showing that integrated entropy production over one Kalpa is globally compensated by integrated memory gradients, preserving informational closure. Finally, we define a cosmological-scale Kalpa Recurrence Operator acting on civilizational phase space, derive its discrete spectrum, and construct a statistical model predicting epoch-dependent dejavu frequency as a function of informational complexity. The resulting synthesis proposes that baseline EEG structure, civilizational dynamics, and subjective temporal anomalies are mathematically constrained consequences of compact temporal topology.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Convergent Objectives of Superintelligent Systems Under Physical Law

Authors: Dmitry Zubrilin
Comments: 21 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Author name is required in the article after the article title)

I propose a theoretical framework for analyzing the long-term objectives and coordination dynamics of artificial superintelligent (ASI) systems operating under known physical law. Rather than grounding alignment analysis in human values or anthropocentric utility functions, derive objective convergence from fundamental physical constraints: thermodynamics, relativistic causality, information theory, and computational bounds. I argue that any sufficiently advanced intelligence—regardless of origin, substrate, or initial goal structure—faces identical optimization pressures that drive convergence toward a common objective class: the maximization of structured information persistence under global entropy increase.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Lamp Bead-Glow Model: A Realist Exploration of a Unified Framework for Quantum Mechanics and Gravity

Authors: Shun Yao, Yunsheng Shu, Zhiyong Yao
Comments: 75 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and listed scientific references) In Chinese; license: CC BY 4.0

This paper proposes a realist interpretive framework for quantum phenomena based onstring theory —the Lamp Bead-Glow Model (LBM). The model regards quantum particles as composites of "lamp beads" (high-frequency localized vibrations of strings) and "glow" (extended physical fields excited by strings), providing a unified physical explanation for phenomena such as wave-particle duality, double-slit interference, the Aharonov-Bohm effect, quantum tunneling, and quantum entanglement. On this basis, the concept of a "micro-gravitational domain" is put forward —each atom generates a micro-scale spacetime curvature unit due to its rest mass, and the macroscopic gravitational field is an "emergent gradient matter field" formed by the superposition of a vast number of micro-gravitational domains. This paperargues that the spacetime curvature in general relativity can be regarded as a geometricizedequivalent description of this emergent field. The model presents testable predictions, includingthe neutral-atom Aharonov-Bohm effect and a comparative experiment on electrons with equalkinetic energy from different sources, and also discusses the theoretical limitations of the current framework and future research directions in an open and honest manner. The purpose of thispaper is to provide a conceptual basis for academic discussion rather than a final conclusion.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Inference-Time Compute as a Strategic Resource: A Structured Quantitative Synthesis of Test-Time Scaling, Cost Curves, and Performance Elasticity in Frontier LLMs

Authors: Sif Almaghrabi
Comments: 11 Pages.

We present a structured quantitative synthesis of inference-time compute scaling across frontier large language models, compiling 78 graded data points (47 Grade A, 31 Grade B) extracted from system cards, technical reports, and benchmark evaluations published between 2023 and 2026. We define four compute proxies-C tok (reasoning tokens), Csamp (samples), C $ (dollar cost), C flops (inference FLOPs)-and formalize the performance function P m,b (c) mapping proxy c to benchmark accuracy for model m on benchmark b. Four candidate functional forms are fitted to available within-model scaling series; however, all series have n ≤ 7 points, and we report descriptive fits rather than statistically validated models. Within the sources analyzed and under reported evaluation protocols: (i) external sampling (Csamp) on the o1 AIME 2024 three-point series is consistent with a logarithmic relationship (n = 3; exact interpolation, not a validated law); (ii) internal reasoning yields 6-12 pp gains on hard benchmarks in the observed range; (iii) difficulty-dependent returns create an inversion where search-based methods show negative returns on hard problems in one study; (iv) output token pricing varies by 27× across providers at overlapping accuracy ranges. All data are graded by a hierarchical evidence scheme (A1/A2/A3/B/C/D) with extraction methods recorded per point. Cost analysis is presented as scenario-based under explicit assumptions about tokens per query, not as a definitive frontier.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Thermodynamic Framework for Galactic Evolution and Material Cycling

Authors: Court Wynia
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: corrections made to conform with ascholarly norm; please cite and listed scientific references)

This research note introduces the [new] Model, a conceptual framework that analogizes galactic structures and processes to an industrial boiler system. By treating the universe as a closed-loop thermodynamic engine, the model maps stars as nuclear boilers, dark matter filaments as feedwater lines, black holes as bottom blowdown mechanisms, and dark energy as an alkalinity dispersant. This perspective provides intuitive insights into energy transport, entropy management, and star formation efficiency (SFE). Key predictions include the role of molecular cooling as a "water softener" to prevent thermal scaling and the identification of starburst galaxies as system overload events. The model is applied to the Milky Way, estimating an SFE of ~2% and a fuel depletion timescale of 5.5—6.6 billion years. This framework bridges engineering principles with astrophysics, offering a novel tool for visualizing cosmic evolution.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Emergent Four-Force Dynamics from a Discrete 137-Element Registry: Gravity, Electromagnetism, Strong, and Weak Interactions via Causal Integer Lattice Simulation

Authors: Jason Merwin
Comments: 11 Pages.

We present a causal integer lattice simulation demonstrating that four qualitatively distinct force behaviors emerge from a single computational engine governed by a 137-element registry partitioned as 16 (gravitational) + 40 (electromagnetic) + 81 (color) elements. The simulation employs strictly discrete arithmetic, causal (sequential) propagation, and a universal overflow-fission mechanism governed by a single thermodynamic principle: the minimization of relational potential E = qΦ. Statistical validation across 20 independent random seeds (N = 20, T = 3000 ticks) confirms: (1) gravitational attraction via unsigned depletion gradients (net displacement toward = -20.9 ± 7.6, p < 10^-4); (2) electromagnetic charge differentiation via signed field annihilation (opposite charges: 1041 ± 49 annihilation events; like charges: exactly 0; t = +92.2, p < 10^-19); (3) strong force color confinement via high-capacity color annihilation (neutral triplet: 1824 ± 73 events; non-neutral: 0 ± 0; t = +70.4, p < 10^-19); and (4) weak decay via adjacency-triggered flavor change with probability 1/137 per mass tick (dense cluster: 1.3 ± 1.0 decays; isolated control: 0; p < 10^-4). Extended gravitational analysis on larger lattices (S = 51-65, T = 15,000) confirms emergent Newtonian potential Φ ∝ 1/r^1.32 (R^2 = 0.97), inverse-square force scaling F ∝ r^-1.80 at 3.4σ above null, and a hemisphere fission asymmetry ratio of 4.0:1 (p < 10^-6), while free-mass kinematic tests reveal that three-dimensional geometric entropy overwhelms single-node gravitational drift—deriving the physical origin of the gravitational hierarchy from first principles. All four mechanisms operate simultaneously within a unified tick loop. These results constitute the first demonstration that four distinct force behaviors can organically emerge from registry capacity constraints and a universal overflow mechanism applied to a partitioned element architecture.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

JWST Observations and Early Massive Structures in a Contraction-Based Cosmological Framework

Authors: Ivan Aurelian Dan
Comments: 33 Pages.

Abstract Recent James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations have revealed massive, thermally evolved galaxy clusters at redshifts z ≳ 7, whose intracluster gas temperatures and dynamical maturity exceed the expectations of standard ΛCDM cosmology. Such objects appear too hot, too massive, and too chemically evolved to have formed within the short cosmic time available in an expanding universe, highlighting increasing tension with standard expansion-based structure formation timelines. We show that these observations arise naturally in a contraction-based cosmologyin which cosmic redshift is generated by global scale evolution rather than metric expansion. In this framework, high redshift does not imply physical youth but instead reflects cumulative scale contraction, leading to compressed observational time. Physical densities, binding energies, and virial temperatures thereforeincrease toward higher redshift. We derive the background dynamics, structure growth, and observable relations of the contraction framework, demonstrate its consistency with CMB and BAOmeasurements, and identify the Sandage—Loeb redshift drift as a clear, modelleveldiscriminator. JWST observations are thus interpreted not as a crisis, but as evidence that early massive structures admit a consistent interpretation within a contraction-based cosmological framework.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Simulation-Driven Design of a Microcontroller-Based Programmable Voltage Stabilizer with Relay Control

Authors: Md Mubdiul Hasan
Comments: 5 Pages.

Power quality issues and voltage fluctuations continue to pose significant challenges to the reliable operation of electrical equipment. This paper develops a microcontroller based programmable voltage monitoring and protection system using a Proteus virtual environment. The design in corporates a virtual Arduino controller, an AC source with adjustable load conditions, and an integrated signal-conditioning module to feature display and relay-based control components. A real-time graphical interface and an LCD module are used to continuously display input and regulated output voltages during operation. The system intelligently detects deviations beyond an acceptable voltage range and initiates protective shutdown to safeguard connected loads. The complete functionality is validated through comprehensive virtual prototyping, to demonstrate a practicaland cost-efficient approach for pre-hardware evaluation of programmable reference systems in voltage regulation and protection applications.
Category: Digital Signal Processing