Relativity and Cosmology

A Phenomenological TEU Model for Time-Dependent Gravitational Coupling from Ancient-Photon Deflection Residuals

Authors: Carlos Mauricio Santacruz Elizondo

The Theory of the Empty Universe (TEU) proposes that gravity emerges from a differential deformation of space-time. In this framework, particles preserve an internal deformation state associated with their formation epoch, while the external vacuum continues to deform as the universe expands. This article develops a preliminary phenomenological model connecting ancient-photon solar-deflection residualswith an effective photon gravitational susceptibility and a time-dependent gravitational coupling. Motivated by the high-redshift quasar 0229+131 and the comparisonsource 0235+164, the observed residual is represented by a dimensionless parametes.

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[v1] 2026-06-02 00:36:21

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