Head injury refers to any traumatic damage affecting the cranium (the skull) and the intracranial structures, which include the scalp, skull bones, and the brain itself. This broad category encompasses injuries caused by external forces such as blows, falls, or accidents that impact these areas.The terms Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and Head Injury are frequently used interchangeably in both clinical and research contexts. However, it is important to note that TBI specifically refers to damage to the brain tissue and its function, whereas head injury can include trauma to the scalp and skull without necessarily involving brain injury. Head injury affects multiple brain regions, with outcomes varying according to the severity and location of damage. Diffuse injuries often impair global brain function, while focal lesions in areas such as the thalamus, hippocampus, and frontal lobes result in region-specific deficits. According to Galgano et al. (2017) and Bernick et al. (2015), traumatic brain injury (TBI) commonly leads to memory loss, slowed processing speed, mood instability, impulsivity, and heightened risk for neurodegenerative conditions such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). The pathophysiology of TBI involves both primary injury (direct tissue damage) and secondary cascades—including inflammation, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis—that aggravate neurological outcomes over time (Bramlett & Dietrich, 2015; Freire et al., 2023). As Khatri et al. (2021) emphasize, open injuries tend to cause localized motor impairments, while closed injuries more often lead to diffuse cognitive and behavioral deficits. Interventions range from surgical procedures like decompressive craniectomy to long-term cognitive and behavioral rehabilitation (Galgano et al., 2017; Khan & Talley, 2025). Evidence underscores the effectiveness of early detection, prevention, and individualized multimodal rehabilitation across cognitive, motor, and emotional domains. Despite advances, many survivors experience persistent functional disabilities, highlighting the need for ongoing, inclusive research and patient-centered care (Wilson et al., 2017; Khatri et al., 2021; Freire et al., 2023). Thus, this review delves into the specific brain regions affected by head injury, their behavioral and cognitive consequences, and the interventions that can facilitate recovery — bridging neuroscience with clinical practice.